The Water Quality Information Center at the National Agricultural Library
Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture

Agricultural Conservation Practices and Related Issues: Reviews of the State of the Art and Research Needs

A Conservation Effects Assessment Bibliography


Special Reference Briefs Series no. SRB 2004-04


Compiled by
Joseph R. Makuch
Stuart R. Gagnon
Ted J. Sherman

Water Quality Information Center
National Agricultural Library
Agricultural Research Service
U.S. Department of Agriculture

1815 citations

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National Agricultural Library                    Beltsville, Maryland  20705-2351               August 2004






National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:

Makuch, Joseph R.
Agricultural conservation practices and related issues : reviews of the state of the art and research needs.
(Special reference briefs ; NAL-SRB. 2004-04)
1. Agricultural conservation--United States--Bibliography.
2. Agriculture--Research--United States--Bibliography.
I. Gagnon, Stuart R. II. Sherman, Ted J. III. Water Quality Information Center (U.S.) IV. Title.
aZ5071.N3 no. 2004-04


Abstract

Agricultural Conservation Practices and Related Issues: Reviews of the State of the Art and Research Needs , Special Reference Brief 2004-04. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library.

This bibliography is one in a multi-volume set developed by the Water Quality Information Center at the National Agricultural Library in support of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP). This bibliography is a guide to recent literature covering agricultural conservation practices and associated issues. This bibliography provides people working in the area of agriculture and the environment with information resources to help them design and implement productive agricultural systems that foster environmental protection and improvement.

Keywords: conservation practices, agricultural research, objectives, new methods, conservation programs, Farm Bill

Mention of trade names or commercial products in this report is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

To ensure timely distribution, this report has been reproduced essentially as supplied by the authors.  It has received minimal publication editing and design.  The authors' views are their own and do not necessarily reflect those of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington D.C. 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

August 2004


TABLE OF CONTENTS


Preface1
About This Bibliography2
Agricultural Conservation Practices and Related Issues: Reviews of the State of the Art and Research Needs3
Subject Index325
Author Index375

 

Preface

This is one in a series of bibliographies developed by the Water Quality Information Center at the National Agricultural Library in support of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP).  

The purpose of CEAP is to study the environmental effects of conservation practices implemented through various U.S. Department of Agriculture conservation programs. CEAP will evaluate conservation practices and management systems related to nutrient, manure, and pest management; buffer systems; tillage; irrigation and drainage practices; wetland protection and restoration; and wildlife habitat establishment. More information about CEAP is available at www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/nri/ceap/.

The current titles in this series are

Each of the documents, as well as bibliographies on similar topics, is accessible online from the Water Quality Information Center at www.nal.usda.gov/wqic/.

The center gratefully acknowledges the following organizations who granted permission to use their citations and/or abstracts in these bibliographies.

In addition, support from the Natural Resources Conservation Service for the development of these bibliographies is greatly appreciated.  

Joseph R. Makuch, Ph.D.
Coordinator
Water Quality Information Center

[Table of Contents]

About This Bibliography

This bibliography is a guide to recent literature covering agricultural conservation practices and associated issues. It is intended to provide people working in the area of agriculture and the environment with information resources they can use to help design and implement productive agricultural systems that foster environmental protection and improvement. A range of conservation practices and environmental issues associated with agricultural landscapes is covered.  

Rather than being a listing of the many individual studies done on conservation practices, this bibliography focuses on literature reviews, summary articles, white papers and books -- documents where information has already been combined and synthesized from many sources. Taken as a whole, the bibliography is an overview of the current understanding of conservation practices, including the research needed to improve practices.

There are 1,815 citations with abstracts (when available) in this bibliography. Citations were found through literature searches of the AGRICOLA database, produced by the National Agricultural Library, and several commercial bibliographic databases. In addition, Water Quality Information Center staff created citations for documents that were located by other means.  Documents cited were published from 1993 through 2003 (with a few included from early 2004).  URLs are provided for online documents that are freely available. The inclusion or omission of a particular citation does not imply endorsement or disapproval.

Citations are arranged alphabetically by title. To locate information on a specific topic, for example, conservation tillage, use the subject index beginning on page 325. To ensure that you see all the relevant citations for a particular topic, be sure to also look up related terms in the subject index, for example, no till, ridge till, etc., from the example above. An author index is also available beginning on page 375.

To obtain a specific document, please contact your local library. Information on how to obtain documents from the National Agricultural Library can be found at www.nal.usda.gov/ddsb/.

[Table of Contents]



Agricultural Conservation Practices and Related Issues:
Reviews of the State of the Art and Research Needs

1. 1998 Literature Review.
Water Environment Research 70 (4): 385-976. (1998)
NAL Call #:   TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1047-7624
Descriptors:   environmental monitoring/ waste treatment/ wastewater treatment/ agricultural wastes/ sediment transport/ groundwater/ nonpoint source pollution
Abstract: This issue is comprised of 46 different reviews on environmental topics in six categories: Measurement and Monitoring of Pollutants; Treatment Systems; Industrial Wastes; Hazardous Wastes; Fate and Effects of Pollutants; and Administration.

2. Abatement of volatile organic sulfur compounds in odorous emissions from the bio-industry.
Smet, E and Van Langenhove, H
Biodegradation 9 (3-4):  273-284. (1998); ISSN: 0923-9820
Descriptors:   volatile organic sulfur compounds: abatement, pollutants/ biodegradation/ biotechnology/ odorous emissions: treatment/ wastewater treatment
Abstract: Compounds of interest in this work are methanethiol (MeSH), dimethyl sulfide (Me2S), dimethyl polysulfides (Me2Sx) and carbon disulfide (CS2) since these volatiles have been identified as predominant odorants in the emission of a wide range of activities in the bio-industry (e.g. aerobic waste water treatment plants, composting plants, rendering plants). In these processes, the occurrence of volatile organic sulfur compounds is mainly related to the presence of anaerobic microsites with consecutive fermentation of sulfur containing organic material and/or to the breakdown of the latter due to thermal heating. Due to the chemical complexity of these low-concentrated waste gas streams and the high flow rates to be handled, mainly biotechnological techniques and scrubbers can be used to control the odour emission. When using biofilters or trickling filters, inoculation with specific microorganisms and pH-control strategies should be implemented to optimise the removal of volatile organic sulfur compounds. In scrubbers, chemical oxidation of the volatile organic sulfur compounds can be obtained by dosing hypochlorite, ozone or hydrogen peroxide to the scrubbing liquid. However, optimal operational conditions for each of these abatement techniques requires a further research in order to guarantee a long-term and efficient overall odour abatement.
© Thomson

3. Abiotic Behaviour of Organic Micropollutants in Soils and the Aquatic Environment: A Review, Partitioning (Part I).
Stangroom, S. J.; Lester, J. N.; and Collins, C. D.
Environmental Technology 21 (8): 845-863. (2000)
NAL Call #:   TD1.E59;
ISSN: 0959-3330
Descriptors:   Path of Pollutants/ Organic Matter/ Organic Carbon/ Humic Acids/ Sorption/ Colloids/ Clays/ Soil Contamination/ Water Pollution/ Herbicides/ Humic matter/ Sorption/ Pollution (Soil)/ Pollution (Water)/ Clay/ Aquatic environment/ Sediments/ Pesticides/ triazine/ isoproturon/ Sources and fate of pollution/ Water Quality/ Environmental action
Abstract: Recent research has confirmed the significance of organic carbon (OC) as the key sorbent for hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOC), as well as for many polar compounds. However, the triazine herbicides exhibit a variable affinity for soil organic matter (SOM) which is attributed to the extent of humification of the organic fraction. Charge transfer mechanisms are important for triazine sorption to OC and either proton or electron transfer may account for the reaction mechanism with humic acids. For many uron herbicides (e.g. chlorotoluron, metabromuron, chloroxuron, defenoxuron), sorption correlates with SOM. However, specific interactions between uron herbicides and a limited quantity of active constituents within SOM have also been proposed to explain deviations from sorption linearity at low herbicide relative concentration. Other studies indicate that isoproturon sorbs to organic colloids in solution and that a sorption threshold to SOM may be operative. Below the threshold, isoproturon appears to sorb predominantly to clays, indicating the presence of a limited number of 'active' sorptive sites within clay minerals. Research suggests that pesticide interactions with clay minerals may be influenced by near-surface clay geometry; the accessibility of the sorbing region of the sorbate to the active site of the clay; the identity of exchangeable cations on the clay and solution electrolytes. These recent studies indicate that interactions between micropollutants and soils and sediments often need to be evaluated on a compound-specific basis. This is especially the case for polar compounds which may partition to these environmental phases by diverse mechanisms.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)

4. Abiotic Behaviour of Organic Micropollutants in Soils and the Aquatic Environment: A Review, Transformations (Part II).
Stangroom, S. J.; Collins, C. D.; and Lester, J. N.
Environmental Technology 21 (8): 865-882. (2000)
NAL Call #:   TD1.E59;
ISSN: 0959-3330
Descriptors:   Fate of Pollutants/ Organophosphorus Pesticides/ Photochemistry/ Degradation/ Water Pollution/ Soil Contamination/ Organic Matter/ Carbamate Pesticides/ Pesticides (Organophosphorus) / Decomposition/ Pollution (Water)/ Pollution (Soil)/ Pesticides (Organonitrogen)/ Pesticides/ Herbicides/ Chemical reactions/ Photodegradation/ Pyrethroids/ Carbamate compounds/ Organophosphorus compounds/ Hydrolysis/ Aquatic environment/ triazine/ urea/ Sources and fate of pollution/ Water Quality/ Environmental action
Abstract: The abiotic processes contributing to the transformation of pesticides in soils and natural waters are reviewed for pyrethroid, carbamate and organophosphorus (OP) insecticides; and the urea, chlorophenoxy and s-triazine herbicides. The review aims to highlight the known abiotic thermochemical and photochemical reactions that may contribute to the overall degradation of pesticides, and to identify the environmental factors influencing degradation pathways and rates of transformation. Studies indicate that transformation by hydrolysis is restricted to alkaline pH for pyrethroids, OPs, carbamates and benzoylphenylureas, and limited to acid pH for sulphonylureas. OPs are also susceptible to catalysed hydrolysis by certain cations and mineral-bound +III and +IV metal ions. Little or no hydrolysis of triazines occurs in the water column or groundwaters, although triazines may be subject to hydrolysis in certain soils at acid pH. Tests indicate that alkaline hydrolysis is the most significant abiotic process for mono-substituted carbamates, and that photosensitised degradation is the most important abiotic pathway many OPs. Certain pyrethroids, triazines and urea pesticides are susceptible to photodegradation. However, the potential for photosensitised transformation for the majority of pesticide classes is uncertain (e.g. ureas, carbamates, triazines and CPHs). Tests for sensitised photodegradation need to be extended and undertaken in mixtures of natural sensitisers because of the variable effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM). There appears to be insufficient information regarding the significance of hydrolysis, photochemical degradation, and metal/mineral-catalysed transformation in the environment for the majority of these extensively used pesticide classes.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)

5. Accounting for seasonal nitrogen mineralization: An overview.
Vigil, M. F.; Eghball, B.; Cabrera, M. L.; Jakubowski, B. R.; and Davis, J. G.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 57 (6): 464-469. (2002)
NAL Call #:   56.8-J822;
ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3].
Notes: Special section: Nutrient management in the United States. Paper presented at a joint symposium of the Soil and Water Conservation Society and the Soil Science Society of America held August 4-8, 2001, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and Charlotte, North Carolina.
Includes references.
Descriptors:   organic nitrogen compounds/ mineralization/ soil organic matter/ seasonal variation/ soil flora/ decomposition/ biological activity in soil/ soil biology/ literature reviews
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

6. Achievements in management and utilization of southern grasslands.
Hoveland, C. S.
Journal of Range Management 53 (1): 17-22. (2000)
NAL Call #:   60.18 J82;
ISSN: 0022-409X
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI Publishing.

7. Achieving soil carbon sequestration in the United States: A challenge to the policy makers.
Lal, R.; Follett, R. F.; and Kimble, J. M.
Soil Science 168 (12): 827-845. (2003)
NAL Call #:   56.8 So3;
ISSN: 0038-075X.
Notes: Number of References: 143; Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Descriptors:   Environment/ Ecology/ climate change/ humus/ secondary carbonates/ soil carbon/ dynamics/ conservation tillage/ land use/ soil restoration/ soil degradation/ organic carbon/ wheat fallow/ chemical properties/ grassland soils/ climate change/ CO2 emissions/ crop rotation/ global change/ central Ohio/ urban trees
Abstract: Carbon (C) sequestration in soil implies enhancing the concentrations/pools of soil organic matter and secondary carbonates. It is achieved through adoption of recommended management practices (RMPs) on soils of agricultural, grazing, and forestry ecosystems, and conversion of degraded soils and drastically disturbed lands to restorative land use. Of the 916 million hectares (Mha) comprising the total land area in the continental United States and Alaska, 157 Mha (17.1%) are under cropland, 336 Mha (36.7%) under grazing land, 236 Mha (25.8%) under forest, 14 Mha (1.5%) under Conservation Reserve Programs (CRP), and 20 Mha (2.2%) are under urban land use. Land areas affected by different soil degradative processes include 52 Mha affected by water erosion, 48 Mha by wind erosion, 0.2 Mha by secondary salinization, and more than 4 Mha affected by mining. Adoption of RMPs can lead to sequestration of soil organic carbon (SOC) at an annual rate of 45 to 98 Tg (teragram = 1 X 10(12) g = 1 million metric tons or MMT) in cropland, 13 to 70 Tg in grazing land, and 25 to 102 Tg in forestlands. In addition, there is an annual soil C sequestration potential of 21 to 77 Tg by land conversion, 25 to 60 Tg by land restoration, and 15 to 25 Tg by management of other land uses. Thus, the total potential of C sequestration in soils of the United States is 144 to 432 Tg/y or an average of 288 Tg C/y. With the implementation of suitable policy initiatives, this potential is realizable for up to 30 years or when the soil C sink capacity is filled. In comparison, emission by agricultural activities is estimated at: 43 Tg C/y, and the current rate of SOC sequestration is reported as 17 Tg C/y. The challenge the policy makers face is to be able to develop and implement policies that are conducive to realization of this potential.
© Thomson ISI

8. Additives to reduce ammonia and odor emissions from livestock wastes: A review.
McCrory, D. F. and Hobbs, P. J.
Journal of Environmental Quality 30 (2): 345-355. (Mar. 2001-Apr. 2001)
NAL Call #:   QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425 [JEVQAA]
Descriptors:   animal wastes/ feed additives/ adsorbents/ pollution control/ ammonia/ odors/ emission/ literature reviews/ microbial based feed additives/ digestive additives/ acidifying additives
Abstract: This paper reviews the use of additives to reduce odor and ammonia (NH3) emissions from livestock wastes. Reduction of NH3 volatilization has been shown to be possible, particularly with acidifying and adsorbent additives, and potential exists to develop further practical and cost-effective additives in this area. Masking, disinfecting, and oxidizing agents can provide short-term control of malodor, but as the capacity of these additives is finite, they require frequent reapplication. Microbial-based digestive additives may offer a solution to this problem as they are regenerative, but they appear to have been developed without a thorough understanding of microbiological processes occurring in livestock wastes. Currently, their use to reduce odor or NH3 emissions cannot be recommend. If the potential of these types of additives is to be realized, research needs to shift from simply evaluating these unknown products to investigating known strains of bacteria or enzymes with known modes of action. To protect the farmers' interest, standard independent test procedures are required to evaluate efficacy. Such tests should be simple and quantify the capacity of the additive to perform as claimed. The principle use of additives needs to be identified and addressed during their development. Producers may not use effective additives in one area if they further compound other problems that they perceived to be more important. There is the potential to use additives to treat other problems associated with livestock wastes, particularly to improve handling properties, reduce pollution potential to watercourses, and reduce pathogenic bacteria. Further work is required in these areas.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

9. Adsorption and degradation: From the laboratory to the real world.
Walker, A.
In: Pesticide in air, plant, soil & water system: Proceedings of the XII Symposium Pesticide Chemistry. (Held 4 Jun 2003-6 Jun 2003 at Piacenza, Italy.) Del Re, A. A. M.; Capri, E.; Padovani, L.; and Trevisan, M. (eds.); pp. 1-6; 2003.
ISBN: 88-7830-359-3
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI Publishing.

10. Advances in Actinorhizal Symbiosis: Host Plant-Frankia Interactions, Biology, and Applications in Arid Land Reclamation, A Review.
Schwencke, J. and Caru, M.
Arid Land Research and Management 15 (4): 285-327. (2001)
NAL Call #:   S592.17.A73 A74;
ISSN: 1532-4982
Descriptors:   Nitrogen fixation/ Reclaimed land/ Trees/ Plants/ Reviews/ Symbiosis/ Frankia/ Nitrogen cycle
Abstract: Symbiotic association of the N sub(2)-fixing actinomycete Frankia with the roots of more than 200 tree species from 24 genera of 8 families of angiosperms has been studied since 1829. The first successful isolation of the microsymbiont and reinfection in the host plant was achieved in 1978. Marked advances in research and understanding of Frankia biology, its actinorhizal hosts and their interactions have made since then, although the studies on Frankia have been hampered by difficulties of isolation and their slow growth rate in vitro. Exponential growth with high biomass yields within three to four days has been obtained for a number of strains isolated from Casuarina spp. Use of BAP medium, supplemented with avian phospholipid mixtures and certain fatty acids at controled O sub(2) access, optimizes growth. Monosporal cultures are scarce; recently a few became available for biochemical and genetic studies. Research using exponentially growing cultures has yielded information on a complex proteolytic system, including proteasomes, endo- and extracellular proteinases and aminopeptidases, and also on esterases, dehydrogenases, and extracellular DNAses. Molecular tools have revealed a marked genetic diversity of Frankia soil populations and have enabled the definition of four clades in the Frankia phylogenetic tree. Studies on Frankia-host plant interactions have detected molecular signal exchange preceeding the establishment of symbiosis. Similarly, there is progress in research on transgenic actinorhizal plants and on actinorhizal-specific genes and proteins (actinorhizins) involved in symbiotic interactions, infectivity, and host specificity. Actinorhizal plants are rapidly growing species, able to develop in N-poor soils, and for certain species, in harsh environmental stress conditions. They increase the fertility of agroforestry ecosystems, and have an economic potential for timber, fuelwood production, land reclamation, and amenity planting. The Casuarina spp. are of especial value in arid environments.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)

11. Advances in grassland science.
Mannetje, L. 'T.
Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 50 (2): 195-221. (2002)
NAL Call #:   12 N3892;
ISSN: 0028-2928
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI Publishing.

12. Advances in plant health management in the twentieth century.
Cook, R. J.
Annual Review of Phytopathology 38: 95-116. (2000)
NAL Call #:   464.8-An72;
ISSN: 0066-4286 [APPYAG]
Descriptors:   plant diseases/ plant protection/ integrated pest management/ planting stock/ roots/ soil fumigation/ rotations/ tillage/ intensive production/ air microbiology/ plant pests/ pest control/ epidemiology/ population ecology / decision making/ prediction/ defense mechanisms/ biological control/ biotechnology/ maximum yield/ crop yield/ literature reviews/ plant disease control
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

13. Advances in poultry litter disposal technology: A review.
Kelleher BP; Leahy JJ; Henihan AM; O'Dwyer TF; Sutton D; and Leahy MJ
Bioresource Technology 83 (1): 27-36. (2002)
NAL Call #:   TD930.A32
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI Publishing.

14. Advances in weed management strategies.
Ghersa, C. M.; Benech Arnold, R. L.; Satorre, E. H.; and
Martinez Ghersa, M. A.
Field Crops Research 67 (2): 95-104. (2000)
NAL Call #:   SB183.F5;
ISSN: 0378-4290 [FCREDZ].
Notes: Special issue: Plant phenology and the management of crop-weed interactions / edited by C.M. Ghersa. Paper presented at a workshop held October 13-15, 1997, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Includes references.
Descriptors:   weeds/ weed control/ integrated pest management/ annuals/ perennials/ long term experiments/ population dynamics/ population growth/ developmental stages/ demography/ literature reviews
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

15. The advantages of implementation of water conservation practices in arid, semiarid regions.
Agassi, M.
Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 18 (2/3): 63-69. (2001)
NAL Call #:   S494.5.S86S8;
ISSN: 1044-0046 [JSAGEB]
Descriptors:   arid zones/ semiarid zones/ water conservation/ water erosion/ water availability/ rain/ runoff/ mulching/ evaporation/ water use efficiency/ aquifers/ soil conservation/ literature reviews/ erosion control
Abstract: In arid, semiarid regions (ASAR), water is the limiting factor for economical yields, and the main source of water for crops is the annual rainfall. Taking into consideration that there is no considerable soil erosion by rain water without runoff initiation, it suggested to focus on the control of rainfall water loss (runoff) instead of on the control of soil loss by rain water, e.g., to replace terracing practices with mulching and increasing of the soil surface storage practices. Mulching also reduces direct evaporation of rain water, therefore increasing rain water use efficiency by crops and the recharge of aquifers.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

16. Aeration of livestock manure slurry and lagoon liquid for odor control: A review.
Westerman PW and Zhang RH
Applied Engineering in Agriculture 13 (2): 245-249. (1997)
NAL Call #:   S671.A66
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI Publishing.

17. Aerial pollutants and the health of poultry farmers.
Whyte, R. T.
World's Poultry Science Journal
49 (2): 131-156. (1993)
NAL Call #:   47.8-W89;
ISSN: 0043-9339
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI Publishing.

18. Aggregate stability and assessment of soil crustability and erodibility: Theory and methodology.
Le, Bissonnais Y
European Journal of Soil Science 47 (4): 425-437. (1996);
ISSN: 1351-0754.
Notes: Subtitle: [Part] I.
Descriptors:   aggregation stability/ crusting/ erosion/ soil crustability/ soil erodibility/ soil science
Abstract: Crusting and erosion of cultivated soils result from aggregate breakdown and the detachment of soil fragments by rain, and the susceptibility of soil to these processes is often inferred from measurements of aggregate stability. Here, theories of aggregate breakdown are reviewed and four main mechanisms (i.e. slaking, breakdown by differential swelling, mechanical breakdown by raindrop impact and physico-chemical dispersion) are defined. Their relative importance depends on the nature of the rain, as well as on the soil's physical and chemical properties. The relations between aggregate breakdown, crusting and water erosion are analysed, and existing methods for the assessment of aggregate stability are reviewed. A unified framework for the measurement of aggregate stability is proposed to assess a soil's susceptibility to crusting and erosion. It combines three treatments having various wetting conditions and energies (fast wetting, slow wetting, and stirring after pre-wetting) and measures the resulting fragment size distribution after each treatment. It is designed to compare different soils, or different climatic conditions for a given soil, not to compare time-dependent changes in that soil.
© Thomson

19. Agricultural chemical discharge in surface water runoff.
Smith, S. J.; Sharpley, A. N.; and Ahuja, L. R.
Journal of Environmental Quality 22 (3): 474-480. (July 1993-Sept. 1993)
NAL Call #:   QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425 [JEVQAA].
Notes: Paper presented at the USDA-ARS Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Symposium XVII, "Agricultural Water Quality Priorities, A Team Approach to Conserving Natural Resources," May 4-8, 1992, Beltsville, MD. Includes references.
Descriptors:   agricultural chemicals/ discharge/ surface water/ runoff/ watersheds/ grasslands/ farmland/ watershed management/ crop management/ research/ equations/ literature reviews
Abstract: The discharge of agricultural chemicals (i.e., soil-fertilizer nutrients and pesticides) in runoff waters is important from both agronomic and environmental standpoints. Presented here is an overview of our current concepts and approaches employed for describing this discharge, based on studies we have conducted over the past decade. Most of our field testing and validation of concepts regarding chemical discharge has focused on approximately 24 grassland and cropland watersheds across the Southern Plains. Chemicals considered include N, P, K, S, atrazine [2-chloro-4(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], alachlor [2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide], and cyanazine [2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazine-2-yl]amino]-2-methy lpropionitrile]. Soluble chemical discharge has been described by kinetic desorption and uniform or nonuniform mixing approaches, incorporating parameters reflecting watershed management and the nature of the surface soil X precipitation interaction. Particulate chemical discharge has been described by the relationship between the discharge enrichment ratio (chemical content of eroded sediment/source soil) and soil loss. Special situations considered include type of tillage, computed water and sediment runoff, severe storms, bioavailability of P, cover crops, and manure applications. For the most part, predicted chemical discharge values compared favorably with their measured counterparts, r2 values often being > 0.9. Further research needs include refinement and development of the prediction equations, data bases, runoff indices, and multidisciplinary systems.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

20. Agricultural Contaminants in Quaternary Aquitards: A Review of Occurrence and Fate in North America.
Rodvang, S. and Simpkins, W.
Hydrogeology Journal 9 (1): 44-59. (2001);
ISSN: 1431-2174.
Notes: Publisher: Springer-Verlag
Descriptors:   North America/ Fate of Pollutants/ Agricultural Chemicals/ Groundwater Pollution/ Groundwater/ Chemical Composition/ Organic Carbon/ Sulfur/ Geologic Time/ Biogeochemistry/ Agriculture/ Aquifers/ Permeability/ Contaminants/ Pesticides/ Hydrology/ North America/ Sources and fate of pollution/ Freshwater pollution
Abstract: The intensity of agriculture has increased significantly during the past 30 years, resulting in increased detection of agricultural contaminants (nutrients, pesticides, salts, trace elements, and pathogens) in groundwater. Till, glaciolacustrine, and loess deposits of Quaternary age compose the most common surficial deposits underlying agricultural areas in North America. Quaternary aquitards generally contain higher concentrations of solid organic carbon (SOC, as much as 1.4%), dissolved organic carbon (DOC, as much as 205 mg/L), and reduced sulfur (as much as 0.9%) than do aquifers. Their potential to sorb pesticides increases with the percent of older SOC, because diagenesis increases Koc. Denitrification consistently reduces nitrate to non-detectable levels in unweathered Quaternary aquitards. Organic carbon of Quaternary age is a more labile electron donor than carbon from shale clasts. Pyrite is a more labile electron donor than carbon in many instances. Unweathered Quaternary aquitards provide a high degree of protection for underlying aquifers, due to their large reserves of SOC and reduced sulfur for sorption and denitrification, combined with their typically low hydraulic conductivity. In contrast, agricultural contaminants are common in weathered Quaternary aquitards. Lower reserves of reduced sulfur and sorptive/labile organic carbon, and a higher bulk K due to fractures, limit their ability to attenuate nitrate and pesticides. Subsurface drainage, which is common in Quaternary aquitards because of high water tables, bypasses the attenuation capacity of Quaternary aquitards and facilitates the transport of agricultural contaminants to surface water.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)

21. Agricultural drainage.
Skaggs, R. W.; Van Schilfgaarde, J.; and American Society of Agronomy.
Madison, Wis., USA: American Society of Agronomy. (1999)
NAL Call #:  4-Am392-no.38;
ISBN: 0891181415
Descriptors:   Drainage
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

22. Agricultural drainage water management in arid and semi-arid areas.
Tanji, Kenneth K.; Kielen, Neeltje C.; and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; xiv, 188 p.: ill. 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in).; Series: FAO irrigation and drainage paper 0254-5284 (61). (2002)
NAL Call #:  S612-.I754-no.-61;
ISBN: 9251048398
Descriptors:   Drainage---Management/ Irrigation---Management/ Water quality/ Arid regions agriculture
Abstract:  "This publication provides planners, decision-makers and engineers with guidelines to sustain irrigated agriculture and at the same time to protect water resources from the negative impacts of agricultural drainage water disposal. On the basis of case studies from Central Asia, Egypt, India, Pakistan and the United States of America, it distinguishes four broad groups of drainage water management options: water conservation, drainage water reuse, drainage water disposal and drainage water treatment."--P. [4] of cover.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

23. Agricultural drainage: Water quality impacts and subsurface drainage studies in the Midwest.
Zucker, Leslie A.; Brown, Larry C.; and Ohio State University. Extension.
Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Extension; Series: Bulletin 871. (1998)
Notes: Title from web page. Description based on content viewed May 5, 2003.
NAL Call #:  275.29-.Oh32-no.-871
http://ohioline.osu.edu/b871/index.html
Descriptors:   Drainage---Middle West/ Water quality---Middle West
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

24. Agricultural influence on landscape sensitivity in the Upper Mississippi River Valley.
Knox, James C
Catena 42 (2-4): 193-224. (2001)
NAL Call #:   GB400.C3;
ISSN: 0341-8162
Descriptors:   agricultural land use/ alluvial sediments/ climate change/ climate variability/ environmental conditions/ erosion/ floodplain stratigraphy/ floods/ landscape sensitivity/ sedimentation/ surface runoff/ tillage/ water infiltration
Abstract: Agricultural landscapes are more sensitive to climatic variability than natural landscapes because tillage and grazing typically reduce water infiltration and increase rates and magnitudes of surface runoff. This paper evaluates how agricultural land use influenced the relative responsiveness of floods, erosion, and sedimentation to extreme and nonextreme hydrologic activity occurring in watersheds of the Upper Mississippi Valley. Temporally overlapping stratigraphic and historical instrumental records from southwestern Wisconsin and northwestern Illinois show how agricultural modification of a natural prairie and forest land cover affected the behavior of floods and sedimentation during the last two centuries. For comparison, pre-agriculture Holocene alluvial sediments document the sensitivity of floods and alluvial activity to climate change prior to significant human influences on the natural land cover. High-resolution floodplain stratigraphy of the last two centuries shows that accelerated runoff associated with agricultural land use has increased the magnitudes of floods across a wide range of recurrence frequencies. The stratigraphic record also shows that large floods have been particularly important to the movement and storage of sediment in the floodplains of the Upper Mississippi Valley. Comparison of floodplain alluvial sequences in watersheds ranging in scale from headwater tributaries to the main valley Mississippi River demonstrates that land use changes triggered hydrologic responses that were transmitted nearly simultaneously to all watershed scales. In turn, flood-driven hydraulic adjustments in channel and floodplain morphologies contributed to feedback effects that caused scale-dependent long-term lag responses. There has been a general reduction in magnitudes of flooding, erosion, and sedimentation since the mid-20th century, largely in response to better land conservation practices. The reduction trend is most apparent on tributary watersheds of a few hundred square kilometers and smaller sizes. However, the main-channel Upper Mississippi River, with associated drainage areas between about 100,000-200,000 km2, has experienced increased occurrences of large floods during the second half of the 20th century. Most of these large floods have been associated with snowmelt runoff which is occurring more rapidly and earlier in the season in response to a trend toward warmer winters and springs in the late 20th century. Modification of the natural drainage network through establishment of drainage tiles and channelization has also continued during the late 20th century. Tiling and channelization have increased drainage efficiency and probably have contributed in part to the occurrence of large floods on the Mississippi River, but the magnitudes of their effects are unknown at present. In spite of reduced sediment loads since about 1950 on all watershed scales, the anomalous high frequency of large floods on the Upper Mississippi River continues the accelerated delivery of agriculturally-related sediment to floodplain and backwater environments. The results of this study indicate that agricultural land use has escalated landscape sensitivity to such a degree that modern process rates provide a very distorted representation of process rates that occurred in the geologic past prior to human disturbance.
© Thomson

25. Agricultural land fragmentation: The spatial effects of three land protection strategies in the eastern United States.
Brabec, E. and Smith, C.
Landscape and Urban Planning 28 (2-4): 255-268. (Feb. 2002)
NAL Call #:   QH75.A1L32;
ISSN: 0169-2046
Descriptors:   Agricultural land/ Sustainable development/ Land use/ Landscape/ United States/ Planning/ development
Abstract: Fragmentation of agricultural land by urban sprawl affects both the agricultural production capacity of the land and its rural scenic quality. In order to assess the resulting fragmentation of the three most common types of agricultural land conservation tools in the United States, this study analyzes the spatial form of three land protection strategies: a purchase of development rights (PDR) program, a clustering program and a transfer of development rights program. By assessing a series of measures of success such as total acreage protected, size of parcels, contiguity and farming status, the study compares the effectiveness of programs that have been in place for approximately 20 years, analyzing the extent to which each program prevents or enhances fragmentation. The analysis shows that although the number of acres protected is an important factor in program success, the amount of protected land remaining in active farming is additionally influenced by any development rights that may remain with the land, the use of a variety of tools to reduce the likelihood of parcel isolation, and the adjacency and contiguity of protected parcels.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)

26. Agricultural NH3 and NOx emissions in Canada.
Kurvits, T. and Marta, T.
Environmental Pollution 102 (Supp 1): 187-194. (1998)
NAL Call #:   QH545.A1E52;
ISSN: 0269-7491.
Notes: From: Proceedings of the First International Nitrogen Conference, Noordwijkerhout, Netherlands, 23-27 March 1998.
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI Publishing.

27. Agricultural pesticide emissions associated with common crops in the United States.
Benjey, William G.
Research Triangle Park, NC: Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 16 p.: ill., maps. (1993)
Notes: "EPA/600/A-93/065." "PB93-173136." Includes bibliographical references (p. 13-14).
NAL Call #:  QH545.P4B49-1993
Descriptors:   Pesticides---Environmental aspects---Measurement
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

28. Agricultural pesticides: Management improvements needed to further promote integrated pest management: Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Research, Nutrition, and General Legislation, Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, U.S. Senate.
United States. General Accounting Office and United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry. Subcommittee on Research Nutrition and General Legislation.
Washington, D.C.: GAO. (2001)
Notes: Title from web page. "August 2001." "GAO-01-815." Description based on content viewed July 26, 2002. Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #:  SB950.2.A1-A57-2001
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d01815.pdf
Descriptors:   Pesticides---United States/ Agricultural pests---Integrated control---United States/ Pests---Integrated control---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

29. Agricultural Phosphorus and Eutrophication: A Symposium Overview.
Daniel, T. C.; Sharpley, A. N.; and Lemunyon, J. L.
Journal of Environmental Quality 27 (2): 251-257. (1998)
NAL Call #:   QH540.J6;
ISSN: 0047-2425
Descriptors:   USA/ Phosphorus/ Eutrophication/ Agricultural Runoff/ Water Pollution/ Cultivated Lands/ Nonpoint Pollution Sources/ Soil Management/ Sources and fate of pollution
Abstract: Phosphorus in runoff from agricultural land is an important component of nonpoint-source pollution and can accelerate eutrophication of lakes and streams. Long-term land application of P as fertilizer and animal wastes has resulted in elevated levels of soil P in many locations in the USA. Problems with soils high in P are often aggravated by the proximity of many of these areas to P-sensitive water bodies, such as the Great Lakes, Chesapeake and Delaware Bays, Lake Okeechobee, and the Everglades. This paper provides a brief overview of the issues and options related to management of agricultural P that were discussed at a special symposium titled, "Agricultural Phosphorus and Eutrophication," held at the November 1996 American Society of Agronomy annual meetings. Topics discussed at the symposium and reviewed here included the role of P in eutrophication; identification of P-sensitive water bodies; P transport mechanisms; chemical forms and fate of P; identification of P source areas; modeling of P transport; water quality criteria; and management of soil and manure P, off-farm P inputs, and P transport processes.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)

30. Agricultural phosphorus, water quality, and poultry production: Are they compatible.
Sharpley, A.
Poultry Science 78 (5): 660-673.   (May 1999)
NAL Call #:   47.8-Am33P;
ISSN: 0032-5791 [POSCAL]
Descriptors:   poultry industry/ battery husbandry/ poultry manure/ application to land/ application rates/ phosphorus/ farming systems/ fertilizer requirement determination/ runoff water/ water pollution/ eutrophication/ use efficiency/ tillage/ soil testing/ losses from soil/ literature reviews
Abstract: With the concentration of poultry production and increase in operation size in several regions of the U.S., more manure is applied to agricultural land. This application of manure has resulted in more P being added than crops require, an accumulation in soil P, and increased potential for P loss in surface runoff. This situation has been exacerbated by manure management being N-based. Increased outputs of P to fresh waters can accelerate eutrophication, which impairs water use and can lead to fish kills and toxic algal blooms. As a result, information is needed on the effect of poultry production on the fate of P in agricultural systems so that compatible production and water quality goals can be met. Overall, these goals will be met by focusing on ways to increase P use-efficiency by attempting to balance inputs of P in feed and fertilizer into a watershed with output in crop and livestock. This will involve refining feed rations, using feed additives to increase P absorption by the animal, moving manure from surplus to deficit areas, finding alternative uses for manure, and targeting conservation practices, such as reduced tillage, buffer strips, and cover crops, to critical areas of P export from a watershed. These critical areas are where high P soils coincide with parts of the landscape where surface runoff and erosion potential is high. Development of management systems that address both production and environmental concerns must consider the socioeconomic and political impacts of any management changes on both rural and urban communities, and of the mechanisms by which change can be achieved in a diverse and dispersed community of land users.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

31. Agricultural sustainability and nematode integrated pest management.
Duncan, Larry W. and Noling, Joseph W.
In: Plant and nematode interactions/ Barker, K. R.; Pederson, G. A.; and Windham, G. L.; Series: Agronomy 36.
Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America, 1998; pp. 251-287.
ISBN: 0891181369; ISSN: 0065-4663
Descriptors:   nematicides: pesticide/ agricultural sustainability/ plant nematode interactions/ Agronomy  (Agriculture)/ Pest Assessment Control and Management/ integrated pest management: crop rotation/ integrated pest management: pest control method/ sanitation/ tillage/ physical chemical methods
© Thomson

32. Agricultural waste.
Marr, J. B. and Facey, R. M.
Water Environment Research 67 (4): 503-507. (1995)
NAL Call #:   TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:   Characterization/ Reviews/ Agricultural wastes/ Recycling/ Nitrification/ Denitrification/ Anaerobic digestion/ Industrial management/ Composting/ Waste utilization/ Drainage rates/ Land application/ Industrial Wastes Treatment/ Industrial Wastes/ Agricultural Wastes/ Chemical Reactions/ Biology
Abstract: This paper presents a review of literature published in 1994 on the subject of agricultural wastes. The review is divided into several sections, which cover: Management and characterization; Treatment; Reuse and recycle; Composting; and; Anaerobic treatment.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)

33. Agricultural wastes.
Poggi Varaldo, H. M. and Estrada Vazquez, C.
Water Environment Research 69 (4): 575-603. (June 1997)
NAL Call #:   TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303 [WAERED]
Descriptors:   agricultural wastes/ waste treatment/ composting/ pesticides/ soil pollution/ water pollution/ literature reviews
This citation is from AGRICOLA.


34. Agricultural Wastes.
Poggi-Varaldo, H. M.; Estrada-Vazquez, C.; and Rinderknecht-Seijas, N.
Water Environment Research 70 (4): 601-620. (1998)
NAL Call #:   TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303
Descriptors:   Literature Review/ Farm Wastes/ Manure/ Slurries/ Phosphorus/ Nitrogen/ Sampling/ Agricultural wastes/ Animal wastes/ Sampling methods/ Agricultural runoff/ Pollution monitoring/ Eutrophication/ Ultimate disposal of wastes/ Waste management/ Behavior and fate characteristics/ Waste Management
Abstract: Both currently available and recently developed new sampling methods for slurry and solid manure were tested for bias and reproducibility in the determination of total phosphorous and nitrogen content of the samples. Sampling methods were based on techniques in which samples were taken either during loading from the hose or from the transporting vehicle after loading. It was demonstrated that most methods were unbiased.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)

35. Agricultural wastes.
Poggi Varaldo, H. M.
Water Environment Research 71 (5): 737-785. (Aug. 1999)
NAL Call #:   TD419.R47;
ISSN: 1061-4303 [WAERED]
Descriptors:   agricultural wastes/ animal wastes/ waste treatment/ waste disposal/ soil pollution/ water pollution/ pesticide residues/ groundwater pollution/ literature reviews
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

36. Agricultural water conservation: A global perspective.
Unger, P. W. and Howell, T. A.
Journal of Crop Production 2 (2): 1-36. (1999)
NAL Call #:   SB1.J683;
ISSN: 1092-678X [JCPRF8].
Notes: Special issue: Water use in crop production / edited by M.B. Kirkham. Includes references.
Descriptors:   agriculture/ water conservation/ semiarid climate/ crop production/ irrigation/ temporal variation/ spatial variation/ market competition/ dry farming/ evaporation/ weed control/ irrigation systems/ water management/ irrigation water/ infiltration/ tillage/ mulches/ no-tillage/ soil water retention/ fallow/ water use efficiency/ crop yield/ harvesting date/ literature reviews
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

37. Agricultural Wetlands and Waterbirds: A Review.
Czech, H. A. and Parsons, K. C.
Waterbirds 25 (2 [supplement]): 56-65. (2002);
ISSN: 1524-4695.
Notes: Managing Wetlands for Waterbirds: Integrated Approaches
Descriptors:   Agricultural ecosystems/ Wetlands/ Habitat changes/ Habitat utilization/ Reviews/ Aquatic birds/ Habitat/ Literature reviews/ Agriculture/ Breeding sites/ Foraging behaviour/ Rice fields/ Aves/ Birds/ Management/ Ecology/ Community Studies/ Conservation, wildlife management and recreation
Abstract: Waterbird use of agricultural wetlands has increased as natural wetlands continue to decline worldwide. Little information exists on waterbird use of wetland crops such as taro, hasu, and wild rice. Several reports exist on waterbird use of cranberry bog systems. Information exists on waterbird use of rice fields, especially by herons and egrets. Rice fields encompass over 1.5 million km super(2) of land and are found on all continents except Antarctica. Rice fields are seasonally flooded for cultivation and to decoy waterfowl, and drawn down for sowing and harvest. A wide variety of waterbirds including wading birds, shorebirds, waterfowl, marshbirds, and seabirds utilize rice fields for foraging and to a lesser extent as breeding sites. In some areas, especially Asia, waterbirds have come to rely upon rice fields as foraging sites. However, few reports exist on waterbird use of rice ecosystems outside of the Mediterranean Region. Species that are commonly found utilizing agricultural wetlands during the breeding season, migration, and as wintering grounds are listed. General trends and threats to waterbirds utilizing agricultural wetlands, including habitat destruction and degradation, contaminant exposure, and prey fluctuations are presented.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)

38. Agriculture and Environment: A Review, 1972-1992.
Biswas, M. R.
Ambio 23 (3): 192-197. (1994)
NAL Call #:   QH540.A52;
ISSN: 0044-7447
Descriptors:   reviews/ agricultural practices/ environmental degradation/ resource evaluation/ land use/ pesticide residues/ nutrition/ agriculture/ public health/ environmental quality/ Management/ Land pollution/ Ecological impact of water development
Abstract: The resources necessary for food production have shown a disquieting deterioration during the last two decades. Modern intensive agriculture has had an adverse effect not only on the physical environment but also on human health. Land has been degraded, water resources have been depleted, and genetic resources have been lost. In addition, there have been negative impacts on human health because of agricultural inputs. Extensive data have been used to indicate the evolution of the problems and the present status.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)

39. Agriculture and phosphorus management: The Chesapeake Bay.
Sharpley, Andrew N.
Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers; 229 p.: ill., maps. (2000)
NAL Call #:  TD427.P56-A35-2000; ISBN: 1566704944
Descriptors:   Phosphorus---Environmental aspects---Chesapeake Bay Watershed---Md  and Va/ Water quality---Chesapeake Bay Watershed---Md and Va/ Phosphorus in agriculture---Chesapeake Bay Watershed---Md and Va
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

40. Agriculture and the environment.
Shortle, J. S. and Abler, D. G.
Handbook of Environmental and Resource Economics : 159-176. (2002); ISBN: 1-84376-236-6
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI Publishing.

41. Agriculture and the environment: The problem of soil erosion.
Uri, N. D.
Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 16 (4): 71-94. (2000)
NAL Call #:   S494.5.S86S8;
ISSN: 1044-0046 [JSAGEB]
Descriptors:   erosion control/ agriculture/ environmental impact/ soil depth/ sediment/ streams/ lakes/ estuaries/ soil conservation/ farm income/ agricultural policy/ nature conservation/ wind erosion/ sheet erosion/ rill erosion/ social costs/ government policy/ agricultural education/ technology transfer/ research/ taxes/ literature reviews/ United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

42. Agriculture and water contamination: Methods of study and research.
Borin, M.
Genio Rurale 61 (12): 39-48. (1998);
ISSN: 0016-6863
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI Publishing.

43. Agriculture and Water Quality.
Barrios, A.; American Farmland Trust, Center for Agriculture in the Environment.
American Farmland Trust [Also available as: CAE/WP 00-2], 2000 (application/pdf)
http://www.aftresearch.org/researchresource/wp/wp00-2.pdf
Descriptors:   agricultural land/ cropland/ rangelands/ water quality/ nonpoint source pollution/ best management practices/ conservation practices/ environmental protection/ agricultural policy/ environmental policy/ citizen participation/ public economics/ United States/ land stewardship/ BMPs

44. Agriculture and wildlife: Ecological implications of subsurface irrigation drainage.
Lemly, A. D.
Journal of Arid Environments 28 (2): 85-94. (1994)
NAL Call #:   QH541.5.D4J6;
ISSN: 0140-1963 [JAENDR]
Descriptors:   irrigated farming/ irrigation/ subsurface drainage/ drainage water/ contaminants/ selenium/ trace elements/ salinization/ toxicity/ wetlands/ wildlife/ wild birds/ literature reviews/ arid regions/ western states of USA/ California/ migratory birds
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

45. Agriculture, methyl bromide, and the ozone hole: Can we fill the gaps?
Ristaino, Jean Beagle and Thomas, William
Plant Disease 81 (9): 965-977. (1997)
NAL Call #:   1.9-P69P;
ISSN: 0191-2917
Descriptors:   methyl bromide/ ozone/ agriculture/ biobusiness/ climatology/ fumigant/ methyl bromide/ ozone depletor/ ozone hole/ pesticide/ pesticides/ phytopathology/ pollutant/ pollution
© Thomson

46. Agrochemical and nutrient impacts on estuaries and other aquatic systems.
Hapeman, C. J.; Dionigi, C. P.; Zimba, P. V.; and McConnell, L. L.
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry  50 (15): 4382-4384. (July 2002)
NAL Call #:   381 J8223;
ISSN: 0021-8561 [JAFCAU]
Descriptors:   water pollution/ runoff/ agricultural land/ nutrients/ pesticide residues/ environmental impact/ estuaries/ environmental protection/ water quality
Abstract: This paper summarizes the "Agrochemical and Nutrient Impacts on Estuaries" symposium held at the 220th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society. The focus of the symposium was to highlight ongoing research efforts to understand estuarine function and pollutant fate in these important ecosystems. Expanding urbanization and agricultural activity can result in increased particulate and chemical loads, resulting in decreased light penetration and degraded aquatic habitats. Legislative and regulatory protections, such as the Clean Water Act and Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), are considered here. Measurement of nutrient and pesticide loads and their ecotoxicological impacts are explored, as well as potential mitigation practices. The complexity and high visibility of estuarine ecosystem health will require continued examination to develop more effective agricultural and land management strategies and sound science-based regulations.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

47. Agrochemical leaching and water contamination.
Rose, S. C. and Carter, A. D.
In: Conservation agriculture: Environment, farmers experiences, innovations, socio-economy, policy/ García-Torres, L.; Benites, J.; Martínez-Vilela, A.; and Holgado-Cabrera, A.
Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 2003; pp. 417-424.
ISBN: 1-4020-1106-7
NAL Call #:   S604.5 .C64 2003
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI Publishing.

48. Agrochemicals and water management.
Kanwar, R. S.
In: Sustainability of irrigated agriculture: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop. (Held 21 Mar 1994-26 Mar 1994 at Vimeiro, Portugal.) Pereira, L. S.; Feddes, R. A.; Gilley, J. R.; and Lesaffre, B. (eds.)
Dordrecht: Kluwer; pp. 373-393; 1996.   ISBN: 0-7923-3936-3
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI Publishing.

49. Agroecosystem responses to combinations of elevated CO2, ozone, and global climate change.
Fuhrer, J.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 97 (1/3): 1-20. (2003)
NAL Call #:   S601 .A34;
ISSN: 0167-8809
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI Publishing.

50. Agroforestry and wildlife: Opportunities and alternatives.
Allen, A. W.
In: Agroforestry and sustainable systems symposium proceedings.
Fort Collins, Colo.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station; pp. 67-73; 1995.
Notes: Meeting held August 7-10, 1994, Fort Collins, Colorado.
Includes references.
NAL Call #:  aSD11.A42-no.261
Descriptors:   wildlife / agroforestry/ ecosystems/ farm management/ land use/ land use planning/ habitats/ fragmentation/ fauna/ literature reviews
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

51. Agroforestry in North America and its role in farming systems.
Williams, P. A.; Gordon, A. M.; Garrett, H. E.; and Buck, L.
In: Temperate agroforestry systems/ Gordon, A. M. and Newman, S. M.
Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 1997; pp. 9-84.
ISBN: 0-85199-147-5
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI Publishing.

52. Agroforestry opportunities for the United States of America.
Schultz, R. C.; Colletti, J. P.; and Faltonson, R. R.
Agroforestry Systems 31 (2): 117-132. (1995)
NAL Call #:   SD387.M8A3;
ISSN: 0167-4366
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI Publishing.

53. Agroforestry policy issues and research directions in the US and less developed countries: Insights and challenges from recent experience.
Buck, L E
Agroforestry Systems 30 (1-2): 57-73. (1995)
NAL Call #:   SD387.M8A3;
ISSN: 0167-4366
Descriptors:   Spermatophyta (Spermatophyta)/ plants/ spermatophytes/ vascular plants/ agriculture integrative approach/ natural resource management/ policy assessment/ sustainable development
Abstract: Efforts to improve the performance of agroforestry systems, and to expand the land area and number of people able to benefit from this integrative approach to agriculture and natural resource management, are constrained throughout the world by non-supportive land use policies. A growing sense of urgency that policy change is needed to enable agroforestry to flourish has contributed during the past two years to an unprecedented level of agroforestry policy assessment and planning activity. In the US, agroforestry has emerged from academia, where it has incubated since the mid-1980s, into the professional resource management arena. A multi-organizational agroforestry evaluation process has driven national policy and program formation to the forefront of the agenda of the agroforestry community, as it seeks to influence the 1995 Farm Bill. Internationally, the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research and collaborators fostered a sequence of policy issue identification activities as a basis for setting strategic research priorities for forestry and agroforestry. Following a brief review of forces driving agroforestry development in industrialized and less developed countries, the paper highlights recent policy assessment initiatives in each sphere. Observations on the issues driving and the priorities emerging from these processes are offered, to lend perspective to the critical challenges facing the agroforestry policy research community. An explanation for pervasive constraints and inconsistencies in policy effectiveness is then explored, from which a promising approach to research intervention is forwarded. It is argued that social scientists might influence agroforestry policy most favorably at this critical juncture, as perceptions of inter-dependence increase among different stakeholders in the policy system, by employing interventionist, actor-oriented perspectives and participatory methods to facilitate policy innovation and evaluation. The approach is consistent with participatory technology design processes that earlier helped to establish agroforestry as a prototype for sustainable development.
© Thomson

54. Agroforestry practice and policy in the United States of America.
Garrett, H. E. G. and Buck, L.
Forest Ecology and Management 91 (1): 5-15. (1997)
NAL Call #:   SD1.F73;
ISSN: 0378-1127
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI Publishing.

55. Agronomic measures for better utilization of soil and fertilizer phosphates.
Mengel, Konrad
European Journal of Agronomy 7 (1-3): 221-233. (1997)
NAL Call #:   SB13.E97;
ISSN: 1161-0301
Descriptors:   lime: soil amendment/ phosphate: fertilizer, fixation, nutrient/ higher plants (Tracheophyta)/ livestock (Mammalia)/ mycorrhizal fungi (Fungi): symbiont/ Animals/ Chordates/ Fungi/ Mammals/ Microorganisms/ Nonhuman Mammals/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Nonvascular Plants/ Plants/ Vascular Plants/ Vertebrates/ cropping systems/ farmyard manure/ soil pH/ Oxisol
Abstract: Global known phosphate deposits are a finite resource which will run out in about four centuries at the present consumption rate. Since about 90% of the phosphate mined is used for fertilizer, soil and fertilizer phosphate should be efficiently used. Various agronomic measures are discussed relevant for saving phosphate and avoiding losses. Phosphate fertilizer rates should be adjusted to measured requirements for phosphate using soil tests. Particularly in areas with high livestock intensities soils frequently are much enriched in available phosphate and do not need further phosphate application whether in organic or in inorganic form. Excessively high levels of available soil phosphate, much higher than required for optimum crop production increase the hazard of phosphate loss by wind and water erosion and even leaching. Loss of plant available phosphate in soils occurs by phosphate fixation which is especially strong in acid mineral soils. Such losses can be dramatically reduced by liming soils to a pH of 6-7. In tropical areas where lime frequently is not available row placement of phosphate fertilizer is recommended. Oxisols with a very low pH liming, however, may promote phosphate fixation due to the formation of phosphate adsorbing Al complexes. Biological assimilation of phosphate may prevent inorganic phosphate from fixation by soil particles. Organic anions produced during the decomposition of organic matter in soils as well as the excretion of anions by plant roots depress phosphate adsorption by competing with phosphate for binding sites at the adsorbing surface. Hence farming systems and rotations which bring much organic matter into soils contribute to a better use of soil and fertilizer phosphate. Mycorrhization of plant roots with appropriate fungi ecotypes may essentially improve the exploitation of soil phosphates. The choice of the appropriate phosphate fertilizer type is crucial for its efficient use. This applies particularly for apatitic fertilizers of which the availability is poor in weakly acid to neutral and calcareous soils.
© Thomson

56. Air emissions from animal feeding operations: Current knowledge, future needs.
Committee on Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations; Committee on Animal Nutrition; and National Research Council
Washington DC: National Academies Press; 286 p. (2003)
NAL Call #:  TD886-.N38-2002;
ISBN: 0-309-08705-8
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309087058/html/
Descriptors:   animal feeding/ emissions/ pollution control/ ammonia/ nitrous oxide/ methane/ odors

57. Air quality and emissions from livestock and poultry production/ waste management systems.
Bicudo, J. R.; Schmidt, D. R.; Gay, S. W.; Gates, R. S.; Jacobson, L. D.; and Hoff, S. J.
In: White papers on animal agriculture and the environment/ National Center for Manure & Animal Waste Management; Midwest Plan Service; and U.S. Department of Agriculture; Raleigh, NC: National Center for Manure & Animal Waste Management, 2001.
NAL Call #:  TD930.2-.W45-2002
Descriptors:   Agricultural wastes---Environmental aspects---United States

58. Air quality research: Perspective from climate change modelling research.
Semazzi, F.
Environment International 29 (2/3): 253-261. (2003)
NAL Call #:   TD169.E54;
ISSN: 0160-4120
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI Publishing.

59. Algae and element cycling in wetlands.
Vymazal, Jan.
Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers; xiv, 689 p.: ill. (1994)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 477-666) and index.
NAL Call #:  QK565.V86--1994;
ISBN: 0873718992
Descriptors:   Algae Ecophysiology/ Algae/ Wetland plants/ Wetlands/ Biogeochemical cycles
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

60. Allelopathy in agroecosystems: An overview.
Singh, H. P.; Batish, D. R.; and Kohli, R. K.
Journal of Crop Production 4 (2): 1-41. (2001)
NAL Call #:   SB1.J683;
ISSN: 1092-678X [JCPRF8].
Notes: Special issue: Allelopathy in Agroecosystems / edited by R.K. Kohli, H.P. Singh, and D.R. Batish. Includes references.
Descriptors:   agriculture/ ecosystems/ allelopathy/ crops/ interactions/ weeds/ trees/ soil biology/ microbial flora/ soil sickness/ crop residues/ weed control/ pest control/ allelochemicals/ pest management/ sustainability/ literature reviews
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

61. Alley cropping: Ecological pie in the sky?
Ong, C.
Agroforestry Today 6 (3): 8-10. (1994);
ISSN: 1013-9591
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI Publishing.

62. Alterations of riparian ecosystems caused by river regulation.
Nilsson, C. and Berggren, K.
Bioscience 50 (9): 783-792. (2000)
NAL Call #:   500 Am322A;
ISSN: 0006-3568.
Notes: Publisher: American Institute of Biological Sciences
Descriptors:   Riparian environments/ Dams/ Freshwater environments/ Reviews/ Environmental changes/ River basin management/ Environmental impact/ Man induced effects/ Ecosystem disturbance/ Rivers/ Literature reviews/ Management/ Habitat community studies/ Conservation/ Mechanical and natural changes
Abstract: An estimated two-thirds of the fresh water flowing to the oceans is obstructed by approximately 40,000 large dams (defined as more than 15 m in height) and more than 800,000 smaller ones (Petts 1984, McCulluy 1996). Many additional rivers are constrained by artificial levees or dikes. These hydrological alterations--to ensure water for agricultural, industrial, and domestic purposes; for hydroelectricity; or for flood protection--have changed ecosystem structures and processes in running waters and associated environments the world over. In this article, we discuss the global-scale ecological changes in riparian ecosystems resulting from dam operations.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)

63. Amelioration strategies for saline soils: A review.
Qadir, M.; Ghafoor, A.; and
Murtaza, G.
Land Degradation and Development 11 (6): 501-521. (2000)
NAL Call #:   S622.L26;
ISSN: 1085-3278
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI Publishing.

64. Amelioration strategies for sodic soils: A review.
Qadir, M.; Schubert, S.; Ghafoor, A.; and Murtaza, G.
Land Degradation and Development 12 (4): 357-386. (2001)
NAL Call #:   S622.L26;
ISSN: 1085-3278
This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI Publishing.

65. America's Private Land: A Geography of Hope.
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1997 (text/html)
NAL Call #: 1 Ag84Pro no.1548
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/news/pub/GHopeHit.html
Descriptors:   private lands/ conservation practices/ environmental protection/ natural resource management/ rural areas/ land tenure/ landowners/ land stewardship
Abstract:  This book tells the story of America's private, nonurban land. Private land is America's working land. It produces food and fiber, and much, much more: It also produces clean water, clean air, wildlife habitat, healthy and productive soil, and scenic landscapes. But this story is more than a national report card on the state of our Nation's natural resources; it will help the reader learn to think about land (soil, water, air, plants, and animals) in a different way. A Geography of Hope is a call to action, a call to renew our national commitment to America's private land and private landowners. The Nation will never achieve its goals for conservation and environmental quality if farmers and ranchers and all other private landowners are not engaged in a cooperative effort to use the land according to its capabilities. You'll get the facts and figures on natural resources from A Geography of Hope, all woven into a framework of land stewardship and a vision for natural resource management in the 21st century.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

66. Ammonia emission from field applied manure and its reduction.
Sommer, S. G. and Hutchings, N. J.
European Journal of Agronomy 15 (1): 1-15. (Sept. 2001)
NAL Call #:   SB13.E97;
ISSN: 1161-0301
Descriptors:   manures/ ammonia/ emission/ livestock farming/ slurries/ soil/ climatic factors/ simulation models/ geographical variation/ cultivation/ viscosity/ application rates/ soil injection/ application date/ literature reviews
Abstract: Emissions of ammonia to the atmosphere are considered a threat to the environment and both United Nation treaty and European Union legislation increasingly limit emissions. Livestock farming is the major source of atmospheric NH3 in Europe and field applied manure contributes significantly to the emission of NH3 from agriculture. This paper presents a review of studies of NH3 emission from field-applied animal manure and of the methods available for its reduction. It is shown that there is a complex relationship between the NH3 emission rate from slurry and the slurry composition, soil conditions and climate. It is concluded that simple empirical models cannot be used to predict ammonia emission from the wide range of circumstances found in European agriculture and that a more mechanistic approach is required. NH3 emission from applied solid manure and poultry manure has been studied less intensively than slurry but appear to be controlled by similar mechanisms. The use of trail hoses, pre- or post-application cultivation, reduction in slurry viscosity, choice of application rate and timing and slurry injection were considered as reduction techniques. The most effective methods of reducing ammonia emissions were concluded to be incorporation of the animal slurry and farmyard manure or slurry injection. Incorporation should be as close to the application as possible, especially after slurry application, as loss rates are high in the 1st hours after application. Injection is a very efficient reduction technique, provided the slurry is applied at rates that can be contained in the furrows made by the injector tine.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

67. Ammonia emissions from animal feeding operations.
Westerman, P. W.; Arogo, J.; Heber, A. J.; Robarge, W. P.; and Classen, J. J.
In: White papers on animal agriculture and the environment/ National Center for Manure & Animal Waste Management; Midwest Plan Service; and U.S. Department of Agriculture; Raleigh, NC: National Center for Manure & Animal Waste Management, 2001.
NAL Call #:  TD930.2-.W45-2002
Descriptors:   Agricultural wastes---Environmental aspects---United States

68. Ammonia emissions from pig houses in The Netherlands, Denmark and France: A review.
Peet Schwering CMC van der; Aarnink AJA; Rom HB; and Dourmad JY
Livestock Production Science 58 (3): 265-269. (1999)
NAL Call #:   SF1.L5
Notes: Nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition of the pig (EAAP Publication No. 1-99); Number of References: 22
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69. Ammonia in Animal Production: A Review.
Arogo, J.; Westerman, P. W.; Heber, A. J; Robarge, W. P.; and Classen, J. J.
In: Proceedings of the 2001 ASAE Annual Meeting. (Held 30 Jul 2001-1 Aug 2001 at Sacramento, California.): American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 2001.
Notes: Paper number 014089; Written for presentation at the 2001 ASAE Annual International Meeting; Available through fee-based ASAE Technical Library
Descriptors:   Ammonia emissions/ Emission factors/ Livestock buildings/ Animal waste storage and treatment facilities/ land application of animal manure

70. Ammonia sources in agriculture and their measurement.
McGinn, S M and Janzen, H H
Canadian Journal of Soil Science 78 (1): 139-148. (1998)
NAL Call #:   56.8 C162;
ISSN: 0008-4271
Descriptors:   ammonia/ manure/ micrometeorology
Abstract: There are several reasons why the measurement of ammonia emissions is important in agriculture. The emission of ammonia from stored and land-applied manure to the atmosphere can result in a significant loss of nitrogen for crop production. It is necessary to quantify this loss to evaluate manure handling practices for maintaining the nutritive value of the manure. Minimizing the emissions of ammonia from manure also reduces agriculture's impact on the environment. A high atmospheric concentration of ammonia can result in acidification of land and water surfaces, cause plant damage and reduce plant biodiversity in natural systems. Ammonia emissions from manure coincide with odors, which are a nuisance in areas of intensive livestock operations. Reducing ammonia emissions by altering manure management will also reduce odor problems. The purpose of this paper is to review agricultural sources of ammonia and describe techniques used in determining the loss of ammonia from manure-amended soils. Micrometeorological techniques are used to estimate field scale emissions whereas, for small plots where treatment (effects) is used, chambers and mass balance techniques are more suitable methods. A simple method is described, which, when combined with a denuder sampler mounted on a wind vane, permits flexibility in experimental design and requires fewer ammonia samples than the traditional mass balance approach. A chamber method making use of diffusion samplers that can measure the ammonia concentration in the air at the soil surface is also described.
© Thomson

71. Ammonia volatilization from cow and pig manure: Results of laboratory studies with a new climate chamber technique.
Andersson, Mats.
Lund, Sweden: Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen for jordbrukets biosystem och teknologi (JBT); 66 p.: ill.; Series: Rapport (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. Institutionen for lantbrukets byggnadsteknik) 98. (1995)
Notes: "ISRN SLU-JBT-R--98--SE." Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-62).
NAL Call #:  TH4911.A1S9--no.98
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

72. Ammonia volatilization from dairy farming systems in temperate areas: A review.
Bussink DW and Oenema O
Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 51 (1): 19-33. (1998)
NAL Call #:   S631 .F422.
Notes: From: Ammonia emissions from agriculture: Proceedings of a seminar / Uppsala, Sweden, 23-24 May 1996
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73. Anaerobic processes of treatment of manures and dung in ecology and resource economy.
Puzankov AG; Borodin VI; Grevtsov Yu I; Krivonosov AA; Emelin GV; and Leonova EV
Khimiya v Sel'skom Khozyaistve 7: 27-28 (1993)
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74. Anaerobic processing of piggery wastes: A review.
Chynoweth DP; Wilkie AC; and Owens JM.
In: ASAE Annual International Meeting. (Held 12 Jul 1998-16 Jul 1998 at Orlando, Florida.)
St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 38 p.; 1998.
Notes: ASAE Paper no. 984101
NAL Call #:  S671.3 .A54
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75. Analysis of Carbamate Pesticides and Their Metabolites in Water by Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography: A Review.
Soriano, J. M.; Jimenez, B.; Font, G.; and Molto, J. C.
Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 31 (1): 19-52. (2001);
ISSN: 1040-8347
Descriptors:   Pesticides (Organonitrogen)/ Water analysis/ Pesticides/ Chromatography (Liquid)/ Chemical analysis/ Pesticides/ Chemical Analysis/ Liquid Chromatography/ Agricultural Chemicals/ Analytical techniques/ Pollution detection/ Agricultural pollution/ Chromatographic techniques/ Chemical extraction/ Separation processes/ Degradation/ solid phase extraction/ Monitoring and Analysis of Water and Wastes/ Identification of pollutants/ Methods and instruments/ Freshwater pollution
Abstract: Carbamates are an important, broad class of pesticides that are used extensively as insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides. Sensitive, economical, fast, and environmental friendly procedures are constantly developed to investigate their residues in water samples. The state of the art in methods based on solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatographic determination are examined here. SPE is presently the most extended method for preconcentration of carbamate pesticide residues and their transformation products from water samples. Advantages and limitations of alkyl bonded-silica, and polymeric sorbents, carbon, and mixed-phases in off-line and on-line procedures are discussed. Because some carbamates and transformation products are thermolabile, multiresidue determination is usually carried out by liquid chromatographic techniques. The most interesting reported analytical conditions are presented in a tabular form. Finally, an overview to the levels found in different environmental waters is done; concentrations were usually detected in the sub mu g l super(-1) order.
© Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)

76. Analysis of livestock use of riparian areas: Literature review and research needs assessment for British Columbia.
Powell GW; Cameron KJ; and Newman RF
British Columbia, Canada: Ministry of Forests, Forest Science Program; Working Paper 52, 2000. 37 p.
NAL Call #:  QH541.5.R52-P69-2000
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77. Analysis of pesticides in food and environmental samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
Nunes, Gilvanda Silva; Toscano, Ilda Antonieta; and Barcelo, D
Trends in Analytical Chemistry 17 (2): 79-87. (1998)
NAL Call #:   QD71.T7;
ISSN: 0165-9936
Descriptors:   pesticide residues/ environmental samples/ food crops
Abstract: Enzyme-linked immunosorbe