Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of RodentsAnimal Welfare Information Center
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Compiled By:
Tim Allen
Animal Welfare Information Center, Information Centers Branch
National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture
10301 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351
Allen, Tim (John Timothy), 1953- Housing, husbandry, and welfare of rodents. (Quick bibliography series ; 97-04) 1. Rodents--Bibliography. 2. Rodents--Housing--Bibliography. I. Title. aZ5071.N3 no 97-04
Set Records Request
1 482945 PY=1990:1997
2 28430 rat or rats or gerbil* or hamster* or mouse
or mice or (guinea pig*) or vole or voles
3 10728 housing or cage or caging or bedding or cages
or housed or facility or facilities
4 84099 husbandry or care or handl* or restrain* or
transportation or bleed* or (blood collection) or
manage* or not pest
5 3888 nutrition and (guide*)
6 8031 welfare or wellbeing or well-being
7 378 feed deprivation or food deprivation or water
deprivation
8 75 #2 and #7
9 469 #1 and #2 and (#8 or #6 or #3 or #4 or #5)
10 1088 noise or lighting
11 14 #2 and #10
*12 483 #9 or #11
1 NAL Call No.: 447.8-AM3
Acute fasting is ineffective in suppressing pituitary-gonadal function of pubertal male rats.
Bergendahl, M.; Huhtaniemi, I. Am-J-Physiol v.264(5,pt.1): p.E717-E722. (1993 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: food-deprivation; reproduction; testosterone; fsh; lh; hormone-secretion;
messenger-rna; puberty; males; rats; hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular-axis
Abstract: Effects of short-term fasting (3-4 days) on pituitary-testicular functions were studied during sexual maturation in male rats at 25, 35, 45, 55, and 65 days of age. Among the main findings, testicular testosterone decreased by 41-68% at all ages (P < 0.01-0.05). The pituitary steady- state mRNA levels of the common alpha-subunit (28-55%) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) beta-subunit (25-50%) decreased (P < 0.01- 0.05) at 25, 55, and 65 days of age but not at 35 and 45 days; the luteinizing hormone (LH) beta-subunit did not respond at any age. Fasting decreased serum LH (P < 0.01) at 25, 55, and 65 days of age but not at 35 and 45 days. Likewise, fasting decreased pituitary and/or serum FSH only in the 25- and 65-day-old rats (P < 0.01-0.05). In conclusion, LH and FSH secretion, and the gene expression of common alpha- and FSH beta-subunits, decreased consistently during short-term fasting only in prepubertal (25 days) and adult (65 days) but not in peripubertal animals (35 and 45 days). Hence, the pubertal rise in gonadotropins represents such a strong positive induction that it largely overrides the antigonadotropic effect of fasting.
2 NAL Call No.: QP1.P4
Adrenal modulation of the enhanced fat intake subsequent to fasting.
Bligh, M. E.; DeStefano, M. B.; Kramlik, S. K.; Douglass, L. W.; Dubuc, P.; Castonguay, T. W.
Physiol-Behav v.48(3): p.373-381. (1990 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dietary-fat; fat-consumption; fasting; refeeding; macronutrients; caloric-intake;
diet; corticosterone; adrenal-glands; adrenalectomy; feeding-preferences; protein-intake; body-weight; rats; carbohydrate-intake
Abstract: Elevations in corticosterone have been linked with the enhanced fat appetite of genetically obese Zucker rats. The present study set out to describe the effects of elevations in corticosterone in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Previous studies have shown that food deprivation leads to a time-dependent increase in basal corticosterone concentrations. It was predicted that rats would select a high fat diet during initial refeeding subsequent to a 24-hour fast and more severe food deprivation (48 hours) would promote greater fat consumption. Dependence upon adrenal hormones for this enhanced fat intake was examined with adrenalectomized animals. It was hypothesized that adrenalectomy would prevent the increase in fat intake seen in intact animals. Two experiments were performed. In the first, rats were given access to three separate macronutrient sources and allowed to self-select a diet for 7 days. They were then divided into groups and deprived of food for 0, 24, or 48 hours. At the end of the restriction period each rat was tail bled and macronutrient access was restored. Intakes were measured and blood samples taken at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours following restored access. During the first hour of refeeding, food-deprived animals ate significantly more fat than nondeprived animals. The enhanced fat intake was positively correlated with the elevations in corticosterone observed at the start of the refeeding period (r = 72). In the second experiment, rats were allowed to self-select a diet for 9 days. On Day 10 the rats received either bilateral adrenalectomies or sham operations. They were allowed to recover for 5 days. On Day 15 they were assigned to deprivation groups and deprived of food for 0, 24, or 48 hours. After their respective restriction periods, the rats were tail bled and food access was restored. During the first hour of refeeding, sham animals deprived of food ate significantly more fat than all other groups. Enhanced fat intake was not observed in the adrenalectomized animals, suggesting that adrenal hormones mediate dietary fat intake.
3 NAL Call No.: QL55.F43-1993
An advancement in cage design to provide environmental enrichment for mice when
rearing the plague flea Xenopsylla cheopis (Roths) for behavioural studies.
Clark, F.; Willan, P. C. Welfare and science proceedings of the Fifth Symposium of the
Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations, 8-11 June 1993, Brighton, UK
/ Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations Symposium. London : Royal
Society of Medicine Press, 1994.. p. 319-324.
Includes references.
Descriptors: mice; cages; design; xenopsylla-cheopis; laboratory-rearing; animal-welfare;
adverse-effects
4 NAL Call No.: QL55.A1L3
Age of pairing affects reproduction in prairie voles.
Solomon, N. G. Lab-Anim v.25(3): p.232-235. (1991 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pitymys-ochrogaster; age-differences; reproductive-efficiency; litter-size; pups;
birth-weight; age-at-first-mating
Abstract: The effect of the age at pairing on reproduction of weanling prairie voles was studied. The proportion of pairs producing a litter within 60 days was influenced significantly by the age at pairing. More voles paired at 31 days of age produced litters than those paired at 21 days of age. Assuming a gestation interval of 21 days, the earliest mating occurred around 33 days of age in both groups. On average, successful matings did not occur until voles were housed together for 2 to 3 weeks. No other measured variables were affected by age of pairing.
5 NAL Call No.: QL55.A1L3
Allergy to laboratory mice and rats: a review of its prevention, management, and
treatment.
Hunskaar, S.; Fosse, R. T. Lab-anim v.27(3): p.206-221. (1993 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: allergies; laboratory-animals
Abstract: Abstract: Allergy to laboratory animals is reviewed from a management point of view. Personnel issues, medical therapy, legal aspects, animal house environments and work routines are discussed. Modern methods of medical treatments are presented but it is recommended that environmental control should be given priority over drugs. Several ventilation and building design systems are reviewed from an ALA viewpoint. New technology (including down-ventilated benches, ventilated cages) is reviewed and possible effectiveness analysed. These systems, though potentially of value, lack adequate testing under clinical conditions. We conclude that there are many clinically untested techniques that remain to be proven and whose efficacy has not been documented.
6 NAL Call No.: 447.8-Am3
Altered expression of GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 glucose transporters in neurohypophysis of
water-deprived or diabetic rats.
Vannucci, S. J.; Maher, F.; Koehler, E.; Simpson, I. A. Am-j-physiol v.267(4): p.E605-E611.
(1994 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: experimental-diabetes; water-deprivation; dehydration-physiological; glucose;
proteins; vasopressin; protein-synthesis; protein-secretion; energy-metabolism; posterior-pituitary; rats; glucose-transporter-proteins
Abstract: Progressive dehydration due to water deprivation and streptozotocin diabetes both produce increased activity of the hypothalamoneurohypophysial system and enhanced vasopressin secretion. To determine whether enhanced metabolic activity affects glucose transporter protein expression, this study examined the effect of these conditions on 45-kDa GLUT-1 and the neuronal glucose transporter, GLUT-3, which mediate glucose transport in the rat neurohypophysis. Progressive water deprivation increased hematocrit, plasma electrolytes Na+ and Cl-, and vasopressin over 3 days, relative to the severity of dehydration. Plasma vasopressin increased threefold by 24 h, reaching 4.5- fold by 72 h. These changes were reflected in a 56 and 75% decrease in neurohypophysial vasopressin content by 48 and 72 h, respectively. Significant changes in glucose transporters were also observed at 48 and 72 h, with GLUT-1 increasing by 18 and 44% and GLUT-3 increasing by 42 and 55%, respectively. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes produced increases in hematocrit, plasma Cl-, and vasopressin, although the magnitude of these changes was less than with dehydration. There was a twofold increase in plasma vasopressin by 3 days, commensurate with the onset of overt diabetes, and a threefold increase by 2 wk. These changes were reflected in a 30 and 40% decline in neural lobe vasopressin content, respectively. Despite the difference in the magnitude of hormone response. GLUT-3 increased by the same amount (53%) as in dehydration. GLUT-1, however, was decreased 16% by 3 days and 25% by 1 and 2 wk of diabetes. Although the opposite effects on GLUT-1 may relate to differences in circulating insulin or glucose, this study is.
7 NAL Call No.: QL55.A1L33
An alternative anesthesia protocol for tail artery bleeding in rats.
Maher, J. A. Lab-anim v.24(10): p.39. (1995 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: rats; anesthesia; blood-sampling
8 NAL Call No.: 391.8-F73
An alternative strategy to the use of guinea pigs for the identification of skin sensitization
hazard.
Basketter, D. A.; Scholes, E. W.; Chamberlain, M.; Barratt, M. D. Food-chem-toxicol v.33(12):
p.1051-1056. (1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: skin-tests; toxicity; regulations; allergies; rabbits
Abstract: For over half a century, guinea pig methods have dominated the field of toxicology concerned with the identification of skin sensitizers. Specific protocols, for example the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT), have been pre-eminent in the identification of skin sensitization hazard for regulatory purposes. However, there are increasingly several forces caving change, not least animal use welfare considerations. In response to this and to address the need for a rapid screen for chemical allergens, an alternative strategy has been developed. In the first instance, a chemical is assessed by a computer-based expert system. This system is constructed from some 50 rules describing the key chemically reactive substructures of known skin sensitizers. The output from the expert system is also evaluated in the light of the understanding of the skin penetration characteristics of the chemical. In this way, and without use of animals, the likelihood that a chemical represents a skin sensitization hazard is assessed based on the two key characteristics of a skin sensitizer: (1) its direct or indirect ability to react with skin protein (i.e. does it contain a structural alert?); and (2) the ability of the chemical to partition into the appropriate epidermal compartment. When the chemical does possess a structural alert and has the capacity to penetrate skin sufficiently, then it may be regarded as a potential skin sensitizer. Subsequent to this screening phase, if necessary the chemical may be assessed in the murine local lymph node assay. This assay is quicker and cheaper than traditional guinea pig assays and importantly is less stressful to the fewer animals that. skin sensitization hazard. In this paper, the above strategy is described in more detail, focusing on its relevance to hazard identification and its value in animal welfare terms. It is concluded that the strategy provides an important opportunity for both substantial reduction and refinement of animal use in a manner which will not compromise the existing standard of classification and labelling of skin sensitization hazard in the European Union.
9 NAL Call No.: 448.3-Ar23
Analysis of target organs for the latency of murine cytomegalovirus DNA using specific
pathogen free and germfree mice.
Matsuzawa, H.; Shimizu, K.; Okada, K.; Ando, K.; Hashimoto, K.; Koga, Y. Arch-virol v.140(5):
p.853-864. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: cytomegalovirus; mice; latent-infections; lungs; spleen; heart; dna; germfree-state;
spf-husbandry; salivary-glands
Abstract: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) establishes a latent infection in its host; however, the organ sites of viral latency and its mechanism still remain to be fully clarified. To elucidate this issue, a latent infection with murine (M)CMV was attempted to induce in mice and the organ sites of the latent viral genome were examined for more than one year by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). As a result, latent MCMV DNA was detectable in both the lung and the spleen as late as 59 weeks after infection. The heart was also observed to be a target organ of latent MCMV DNA, though the amount of viral DNA was much less than that seen in the lung and spleen. In germfree (GF) mice, on the other hand, no such latent viral DNA was observed in the spleens, while it was seen, but to a significantly smaller degree, in the lungs and the hearts than in the same organs of specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice. The amount of infectious virions generated in the host appeared to be almost equal between the GF and SPF mice. The above findings therefore suggest that the spleen, lung and heart are target organs for MCMV latency and the indigenous bacterial flora, which are not colonizing in GF mice, play an important role in the establishment of such viral latency in SPF mice.
10 NAL Call No.: 410.9-P94
Anatomic features and radiographic observations of gastric emptying and small intestinal
motility in the rat.
Perry, R. L.; Carrig, C. B.; Williams, J. F.; Johnson, C. A.; Kaneene, J. B. Lab-anim-sci v.43(6):
p.586-593. (1993 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: rats; abdomen; stomach; small-intestine; radiography; stomach-emptying;
intestinal-motility; transit-time
Abstract: This study presents the first report of the identification of anatomic structures on survey radiographs of the abdomen of the rat, along with detailed barium contrast studies of the gastrointestinal tract in normal rats. The rats (49 to 112 days old) were chemically restrained with a combination of 0.71 mg ketamine hydrochloride/g of body weight and 0.5 mg of acetylpromazine maleate injected intramuscularly. Following sedation, a 36% (wt/vol) micropulverized barium sulfate suspension was administered via a stomach tube at a dose of 0.02 ml/g of body weight. The radiographic features of the gastrointestinal tract were enhanced after coating of the mucosal surfaces with the high-density barium suspension. Internal structures of the stomach and mucosal surfaces of the intestine were clearly identified. The barium contrast study was used to establish gastrointestinal transit times. The mean gastric emptying time was 11 +/- 4.27 (SEM) min and mean intestinal transit time was 5 +/- 0.75 (SEM) h. Image intensification fluoroscopy was used to observe patterns of small intestinal motility and to establish small intestinal contraction rates. Prominent cluster of circular contractions were primarily observed in the jejunum, and wave-type peristalsis was primarily observed in the duodenum. Isolated circular contractions and weak segmentation patterns were observed in the ileum. The mean contraction rate per minute was observed to be 14 +/- 2.12 (SEM) in the jejunum. We propose that under the conditions of the current study, radiographic investigation of gastrointestinal function in rats is a feasible and inexpensive procedure.
11 NAL Call No.: QL55.F43-1993
Animal models in the study of wound healing in the skin.
Lansdown, A. B. G.; Pate, P. Welfare and science proceedings of the Fifth Symposium of the
Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations, 8-11 June 1993, Brighton, UK
/ Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations Symposium. London : Royal
Society of Medicine Press, 1994.. p. 395-396.
Poster presentation at the symposium.
Descriptors: rats; rabbits; pigs; skin; healing; species-differences
12 NAL Call No.: QH442.G4522
Animal welfare groups battle Harvard's onco-mouse patent.
Rood, M. Biotech-Dly. Washington, D.C. : King Pub. Group. Jan 13, 1993. v. 2 (100) p. 1, 3.
Descriptors: animal-welfare; patents; genetic-engineering; public-opinion; animal-experiments;
europe; england
13 NAL Call No.: QD415.A1I5
Antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation levels in exercised and hypertensive
rat tissues.
Hong, H.; Johnson, P. Int-j-biochem-cell-biol v.27(9): p.923-931. (1995 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: exercise; muscles; antioxidants; lipid-peroxidation; hypertension; superoxide-dismutase; catalase; glutathione-peroxidase; glutathione- reductase-nadph; enzyme-activity;
animal-tissues; rats
Abstract: Previous studies have shown that exercise-induced changes in muscle antioxidant status occur shortly after exercise. The present studies were designed to determine if longer-term exercise-related changes in antioxidant enzyme activities in both normotensive (WKY) and hypertensive rats (SHR) occurred, and if these changes were related to the level of lipid peroxidation. WKY and SHR rats were exercised over a 10-week period using a progressive treadmill regimen. After a 1-week detraining period, the animals were euthanized and measurements of tissue antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxide levels were determined in both exercised and cage-sedentary groups. Decreases in antioxidant activities (particularly glutathione peroxidase and catalase) in liver, kidney, skeletal and cardiac were associated with exercise training in both WKY and SHR rats (e.g. left ventricular glutathione peroxidase specific activity in WKY rats was decreased from 234 +/- 25 [SD, n = 12] to 187 +/- 17 [SD, n = 11] units/mg protein). Elevations in activities of antioxidant enzymes were generally associated with hypertension in these tissues (e.g. left ventricular glutathione peroxidase specific activity in SHR rats was 275 +/- 30 [SD, n = 12] units/mg protein), but changes in activities were more variable than those seen in response to exercise. Exercise-related changes in tissue levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (an indirect measure of tissue lipid peroxide levels) generally did not correlate with exercise-related antioxidant enzyme activity changes, and hypertension had no effect on these levels except in liver. The results show that alterations of the activities of tissue. results also suggest that the mechanisms by which exercise and hypertension affect tissue antioxidant enzyme activities are different.
14 NAL Call No.: QL55.A1L3
Aqueous lithium heparin is a superior anticoagulant to solid heparin for blood collection
from the retro-orbital sinus of rats.
Slaughter, M. R.; Moen, J. S. Lab-Anim v.25(3): p.272-276. (1991 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: rats; blood-sampling; heparin; blood-coagulation; blood-plasma; blood-chemistry
Abstract: Blood specimens from the retro-orbital sinus of 80 Sprague Dawley rats were collected into tubes containing lithium heparin either as a solid or an aqueous solution. Plasma was separated for blood chemistry analysis. Twenty-eight blood specimens collected into tubes containing solid heparin were clotted and eight specimens were partially clotted making these samples unsuitable for some analyses. None of the specimens collected into heparin solution showed any evidence of clotting. The variances of lactate dehydrogenase and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activities in plasma prepared with solid heparin were significantly greater than those prepared with heparin solution. Lithium heparin solution is now used routinely in our laboratory.
15 NAL Call No.: QL55.F43-1993
Arteriosclerosis-preventing effect of a high medium-chain-triglyceride diet in Dahl-S rats.
Calaminus, G.; Meister, G.; Herberg, L. Welfare and science proceedings of the Fifth Symposium
of the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations, 8-11 June 1993,
Brighton, UK / Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations Symposium.
London : Royal Society of Medicine Press, 1994.. p. 488-491.
Poster presentation at the symposium.
Descriptors: rats; dietary-fat; medium-chain-triacylglycerols; blood-serum; cholesterol; blood-pressure; histology; arteries; atherosclerosis; glomerulus
16 NAL Call No.: QL55.F43-1993
Aspergillus niger isolated in an outbreak of rhinitis in rats.
Bleby, J.; Rozengurt, N.; Sanchez, S. Welfare and science proceedings of the Fifth Symposium of
the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations, 8-11 June 1993, Brighton,
UK / Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations Symposium. London :
Royal Society of Medicine Press, 1994.. p. 387-389.
Poster presentation at the symposium.
Descriptors: rats; aspergillus-niger; rhinitis; outbreaks; histopathology; nose; mucosa;
aspergillus
17 NAL Call No.: QL55.A1L33
Assessing laboratory life for golden hamsters: social preference, caging selection, and
human interaction.
Arnold, C. Lab-anim v.23(2): p.34-37. (1994 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: golden-hamsters; social-behavior; cages; floors; man; interactions; handling
18 NAL Call No.: 410.9-P94
Behavioral and physiologic effects of inapparent wound infection in rats.
Bradfield, J. F.; Schachtman, T. R.; McLaughlin, R. M.; Steffen, E. K. Lab-Anim-Sci v.42(6):
p.572-578. (1992 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: rats; wounds; latent-infections
Abstract: There is a common notion that rats are resistant to postoperative wound infection because many recover from surgery performed under nonsterile conditions. As a result, nonaseptic surgical techniques are used commonly in rat surgery. Our aim was to determine if these techniques cause wound infection and, if so, whether or not the infection, inapparent to casual observation, creates measurable changes in rat physiology and behavior. Rats subjected to craniotomies or laparotomies and inoculated with 10(8) Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa or sterile saline were tested for open-field activity, freezing behavior, home-cage behavior score, and wheel-running activity. Physiologic indices included lactate dehydrogenase, blood glucose, plasma fibrinogen, complete blood counts, wound bacterial counts and histology scores, body temperature, and body weight. Although no clinical signs were detected by postoperative observation, rats inoculated with bacteria were significantly less active in the open field and the duration of freezing behavior was shorter. Plasma fibrinogen, serum glucose, total white blood cell counts, and wound histology scores were significantly altered in the bacteria-inoculated rats. These findings underscore the need for sterile techniques in rat surgery to avoid confounding experimental data.
19 NAL Call No.: SF405.5.A23
Behavioral evaluation of spatially enhanced caging for laboratory rats at high density.
Anzaldo, A. J.; Harrison, P. C.; Riskowski, G. L.; Sebek, L. A.; Maghirang, R.; Stricklin, W. R.;
Gonyou, H. W. Contem-top-lab-anim-sci v.34(1): p.56-60. (1995 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: rats; cages; cage-density; design; spatial-distribution; animal-welfare; animal-behavior; high-perimeter-cages; three-dimensional-cages
20 NAL Call No.: QL55.F43-1993
Behavioural consequences of environmental enrichment in two strains of mice.
Weerd, H. A. v. d.; Baumans, V.; Blom, H. J. M.; Zutphen, L. F. M. v. Welfare and science
proceedings of the Fifth Symposium of the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science
Associations, 8-11 June 1993, Brighton, UK / Federation of European Laboratory Animal
Science Associations Symposium. London : Royal Society of Medicine Press, 1994.. p. 49-53.
Includes references.
Descriptors: mice; inbred-strains; fearfulness; enrichment; animal-welfare; strain-differences;
grooming; defecation; animal-behavior; cages; litter; physical-activity; exploration-behavior;
nesting-material
21 NAL Call No.: QL55.F43-1993
Behavioural differentiation of mice housed on different cage floors.
Schlingmann, F.; Weerd, H. A. v. de.; Blom, H. J. M.; Baumans, V.; Zutphen, L. F. M. v.
Welfare and science proceedings of the Fifth Symposium of the Federation of European
Laboratory Animal Science Associations, 8-11 June 1993, Brighton, UK / Federation of
European Laboratory Animal Science Associations Symposium. London : Royal Society of
Medicine Press, 1994.. p. 355-357.
Poster presentation at the symposium.
Descriptors: mice; cages; floors; laboratory-methods; animal-welfare; animal-behavior;
pressure-transducers; preferences
22 NAL Call No.: 442.9-So1
beta-Alanine protects against taurine and NaCl-induced hypernatremia in the rat.
McBroom, M. J.; Davidson, N. Proc-Soc-Exp-Biol-Med v.211(2): p.184-189. (1996 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: hypernatremia; taurine; sodium-chloride; alanine; metabolic-inhibitors; nutrient-transport; mode-of-action; rats
Abstract: Rats drinking a combination of taurine and hypertonic saline solution rapidly develop hypernatremia, but rats drinking either solution alone do not. The mechanism by which taurine disrupts the ability to deal with a salt load is not clear. Rats housed in metabolism cages were studied. Food intake, fluid intake, plasma sodium concentration, urine output, sodium balance, visible water balance, and urine osmolality were determined over a period of 8 days. Rats drinking 0.1 M taurine plus 1.8% NaCl developed a mean plasma sodium concentration of 160 +/- 18 mM by Day 6, compared with 137 +/- 1.6 mM in water drinking controls. Ingestion of 1.8% saline alone produced only a mild, transient rise in plasma sodium (< 150 mM), which returned to control levels by Day 8. Ingestion of neither 0.1 M taurine alone nor 0.1 M beta-alanine, a taurine transport antagonist, produced any evidence of hypernatremia throughout the experiment. When beta-alanine was added to the taurine + saline regimen, mean plasma sodium reached only 149 +/- 16 mM (Day 6). Inspection of the ratio of cumulative sodium balance to cumulative water balance revealed a rapid increase until Day 2, followed by a virtual plateau thereafter in the taurine + saline group. Rats drinking saline alone showed an equally rapid rise in the ratio, but to a lower plateau level, suggesting that taurine exerts a much more pronounced disturbance of sodium balance than of water balance. The addition of beta-alanine to the regimens of taurine + saline or saline alone produced ratios of cumulative sodium to cumulative water balance significantly lower than that of either regimen without beta-alanine. These findings suggest that. taurine. The effect of beta-alanine in rats drinking saline alone is consistent with a role for endogenous taurine in normal electrolyte homeostasis.
23 NAL Call No.: QP141.A1N88
Body composition and brown adipose tissue in sedentary and active mice.
Bell, R. R.; McGill, T. Nutr-Res. Elmsford, N.Y. : Pergamon Press. June 1991. v 11 (6) p. 633-642.
Includes references.
Descriptors: physical-activity; body-composition; body-fat; brown-fat; energy-balance; mice
Abstract: The influence of exercise on body composition, brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity and energy balance was studied in young female CD1 Swiss albino mice. Mice were divided into 2 groups with different levels of activity; Sedentary Controls (SC) were housed in standard mouse cages while the Active (A) group had free access to activity wheels. All mice were fed stock diet and after 6 weeks (Stock Period), energy intake, body composition and BAT were analyzed in half of the mice. The remaining mice continued in their same activity groups but were encouraged to overeat by cafeteria feeding with highly palatable human foods. Energy intake, energy balance, body composition and BAT were again measured after 2 weeks (Cafeteria Period). The Active group spent considerably more time in physical activity and consumed 18% more kJ during the Stock Period than the Sedentary Controls. Despite different levels of exercise and food intake, both groups had similar carcass energy content and BAT activity during the Stock Period. The SC group increased energy intake by 52% in response to cafeteria feeding while the A group increased energy intake by only 28%. The SC mice accumulated significantly more carcass fat than the A mice during the Cafeteria Period; SC, 15.1 +/- 1.2% and A, 9.0 +/- 0.4% carcass fat. The Active mice were better able to maintain body weight and energy balance when fed an energy dense diet. BAT activity was increased by cafeteria feeding (diet-induced hyperphagia) but was not affected by exercise (activity- induced hyperphagia).
24 NAL Call No.: RC628.A1O2
Body composition, muscle and fat pad changes following two levels of dietary restriction
and/or exercise training in male rats.
Ballor, D. L.; Tommerup, L. J.; Smith, D. B.; Thomas, D. P. Int-J-Obesity v.14(8): p.711-722.
(1990 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: weight-losses; exercise; body-composition; food-restriction; body-lean-mass;
oxygen-consumption; body-protein; male-animals; rats
Abstract: This study examined the effects of exercise training on conservation of lean mass during moderate and severe dietary restriction in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Eight rats each (48 total) were assigned to one of three levels of dietary restriction (ad lib., AL; moderate, MR; severe, SR) and to one of two activity levels (cage-confined, CC; or treadmill exercised, E) for a 10-week period. Post-intervention, the AL-E (91 percent), MR-CC (84 percent), MR-E (86 percent), SR-CC (66 percent) and SR-E (68 percent) groups all weighed less than the AL-CC group (427 +/- 4.3 g). Exercise training resulted in conservation of lean mass (protein + water + ash) at the moderate but not severe levels of dietary restriction. Further examination showed that this was mostly water since no between-group differences existed at any given diet level for protein or ash mass. Exercise training did elicit conservation of left ventricular heart muscle mass at both the moderate and severe levels of dietary restriction. In contrast, gastrocnemius muscle mass was conserved or maintained only at the moderate dietary restriction level. Thus, the level of dietary restriction appears to affect the ability of exercise training to elicit conservation of both total lean mass and the mass of individual muscles during diet-induced body mass reduction.
25 NAL Call No.: QP1.P4
Body weight gain, food intake and adrenal development in chronic noise stressed rats.
Alario, P.; Gamallo, A.; Beato, M. J.; Trancho, G. Physiol-Behav v.40(1): p.29-32. (1987)
Includes references.
Descriptors: rats; food-intake; body-weight; adrenals; noise-pollution; stress; corticotrophin;
weight-gain
26 NAL Call No.: QL937.S83--1992
Brain maps : computer graphics files. Professional version 1.0.
Swanson, L. W. The Netherlands : Elsevier, c1992. 4 computer disks user guide + 1 chart (col. ;
40 x 58 cm.)
Title from disk label.
Descriptors: Rats-Nervous-system-Software; Brain-Anatomy-Software
27 NAL Call No.: QL55.F43-1993
Breeding of athymic nude rats by embryo transfer.
Cranley, J. J.; Srikantharajah, A.; Leeming, G. Welfare and science proceedings of the Fifth
Symposium of the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations, 8-11 June
1993, Brighton, UK / Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations
Symposium. London : Royal Society of Medicine Press, 1994.. p. 481-483.
Poster presentation at the symposium.
Descriptors: rats; embryo-transfer; blastocyst; immune-competence; animal-health; zona-pellucida; young-animals; size
28 NAL Call No.: QL55.I5
The captive management of a breeding colony of Ryuku mice (Mus caroli).
Castle, J. P.; Marshall, P. E. Anim-Tech-J-Inst-Anim-Tech v.41(3): p.191-196. (1990 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: mus; wild-strains; laboratory-rearing; south-asia; ryuku-islands
Abstract: Ryuku mice (Mus caroli) are a strain of wild mouse, which are indigenous throughout Southern Asia, including the Ryuku Islands from where their name originates. We were requested to set up and maintain a colony because they have different D.N.A. properties from the common laboratory mouse (Mus musculus). This enables a unique cell marking technique to be used, which in this instance is being applied to the study of tooth and gum development.
29 NAL Call No.: QL55.H8
A case study of Horace and some implications.
Schneider, S. M. Hum-Innovations-Alternatives. Washington Grove, MD : Psychologists for the
Ethical Treatment of Animals. 1992. v. 6 p. 320-322.
Includes references.
Descriptors: rats; pet-care; animal-behavior; case-reports; animal-welfare
30 NAL Call No.: 410.9-P94
The cellular and molecular pathogenesis of coronaviruses.
Compton, S. R.; Barthold, S. W.; Smith, A. L. Lab-Anim-Sci v.43(1): p.15-28. (1993 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: coronavirus; pathogenesis
Abstract: Coronaviruses cause a wide spectrum of diseases in humans and animals but generally fall into two classes, with respiratory or enteric tropisms. Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and rat coronaviruses are the virus most frequently encountered in the laboratory animal setting. This review focuses primarily on the cellular and molecular aspects of MHV pathogenesis. The high mutation and recombination rates of coronaviruses lead to a diverse, ever-changing population of MHV stains. The spike (S) protein is the most variable coronavirus protein and is responsible for binding to cell surface receptors, inducing cell fusion and humoral and cellular immunity. Differences within the S protein of different MHV strains have been linked to their variable tropisms. Since immunity to MHV is strain-specific, seropositive mice can be reinfected with different strains of MHV. Natural infections with MHV are acute, with persistence occurring at the population level, not within an individual mouse, unless it is immunocompromised. Age, genotype, immunologic status of the mouse, and MHV strain influence the type and severity of disease caused by MHV. Interference with research by MHV has been reported primarily in the fields of immunology and tumor biology and may be a reflection of MHV's capacity to grow in several types of immune cells. While many methods are available to diagnose coronavirus infection. serologic tests, primarily ELISA and IFA, are the most commonly used. MHV is best managed on a preventive basis. Elimination of MHV from a population requires cessation of breeding and halting the introduction of naive mice into the population.
31 NAL Call No.: 410.9-P94
Cerebrospinal larva migrans due to Baylisascaris procyonis in a guinea pig colony.
Van Andel, R. A.; Franklin, C. L.; Besch Williford, C.; Riley, L. K.; Hook, R. R. Jr.; Kazacos, K.
R. Lab-anim-sci v.45(1): p.27-30. (1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: guinea-pigs; larva-migrans; nematoda; brain; colonies; nematode-larvae;
symptoms; litter; wood-shavings; contamination; feces; procyon-lotor
Abstract: Four guinea pigs from a colony of approximately 50 animals were examined for progressive neurologic disease of 5 days' duration. Signs of neurologic dysfunction included cachexia, stupor, hyperexcitability, lateral recumbency, and opisthotonos. Results of gross pathologic, microbiologic, and serologic examinations were unremarkable. Histologic examination of cerebral and cerebellar sections revealed multifocal malacia and regions of eosinophilic granulomatous inflammation. Cross-sections of nematode larvae, identified as Baylisascaris sp., most likely B. procyonis, the raccoon ascarid, were seen in the brain of some affected animals. An intact Baylisascaris larva was recovered from a symptomatic animal when cerebral tissue was processed by the Baermann extraction technique. Results of further investigation indicated that wood shavings used for the guinea pigs had been contaminated by raccoon feces, some of which contained numerous B. procyonis eggs. The bedding source for this colony was changed and, to date, no new cases of neurologic disease have been seen. This report emphasizes the potential insidious entrance of B. procyonis into well-managed laboratory animal facilities.
32 NAL Call No.: 410.9-P94
Cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs: infection via intact ocular and nasal mucosa by
Streptococcus zooepidemicus.
Murphy, J. C.; Ackerman, J. I.; Marini, R. P.; Fox, J. G. Lab-Anim-Sci v.41(3): p.251-254. (1991
June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: guinea-pigs; lymphadenitis; streptococcus-zooepidemicus; pathogenesis;
experimental-infection; mucosa; eyes; nose
Abstract: The traditional view regarding the pathogenesis of cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs is that Lancefield Group C Streptococcus gains access to cervical lymph nodes via an abraded oral mucosa. In this study, it is established that inoculation of intact nasal and conjunctival mucous membranes with Streptococcus zooepidemicus (Lancefield Group C) also can produce the disease. Weanling (SPF) guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) were divided into two experimental groups of 10 and two control groups of four each. Guinea pigs from each group were individually housed in separate cubicles. Group I was inoculated with 0.05 ml of culture containing 2.8 X 10(7) CFU/ml of S. zooepidemicus into the conjunctiva of the left eye. Group II received a similar inoculum into the left nares. Control groups received 0.05 ml of TSB broth in the same sites. Five of ten guinea pigs in Group II died four to nine days postinoculation. Surviving guinea pigs were euthanatized at intervals between days 4-13 postinoculation. All guinea pigs were necropsied, cultured and examined for evidence of infection. S. zooepidemicus was recovered from 30/50 and 39/46 sites cultured from Groups I and II, respectively. Lymphadenitis was found in cervical lymph nodes from 8/10 guinea pigs in Group I and 10/10 in Group II. The conjunctival and nasal mucosa, therefore, represent potential sites of entry resulting in cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs.
33 NAL Call No.: QD415.A1B52
Changes in alanine turnover rate due to nutritional and genetic obesity in the rat.
Yebras, M.; Salvado, J.; Arola, L.; Remesar, X.; Segues, T. Biochem-mol-biol-int v.34(1): p.67-74. (1994 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: obesity; alanine; nitrogen-metabolism; protein-turnover; genetic-defects; diet;
amino-acid-turnover; dietary-obesity
Abstract: The changes in alanine turnover were determined in Zucker rats, which were either genetically obese (fa/fa) or rendered obese by dietary treatment (cafeteria fed). The whole body rate of alanine turnover was higher in genetically obese rats than in rats in which obesity was induced by diet (cafeteria). This is possibly due to variations in the rate of the amino acid incorporation into proteins, since the rate of whole body alanine degradation is the same for both groups. Thus, the different pattern followed by alanine turnover rate in these types of obese animals reflects the differences in the nitrogen economy of these animals, pointing to a higher alanine utilization in the genetically obese animals and a conservative management of alanine in the cafeteria-fed animals.
34 NAL Call No.: QD415.A1I5
Changes in apoprotein distribution between lipoprotein classes of hypercholesterolemic
rats treated with ascorbate.
Santillo, M.; Mondola, P.; Santangelo, F.; Gioielli, A.; Iossa, S.; Basilisco, A.; De Mercato, R.
Int-j-biochem-cell-biol v.27(3): p.257-262. (1995 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: diet; ascorbic-acid; cholesterol; hypercholesterolemia; lipid-metabolism;
apolipoproteins; blood-lipids; rats; nath-diet
Abstract: It is known that ascorbate has a lipid lowering effect, accompanied by a drop of apo B, in rats fed a diet enriched with 15% of cholesterol (Nath diet). In order to better clarify the role exerted by asorbate in lipid metabolism, the effect of ascorbate administration on apolipoprotein pattern in rats fed the Nath diet was investigated. Wistar male rats fed for two months the Nath diet were treated i.p. with 60 mg/kg of body weight of ascorbate for 10 days. Blood collection before and after the treatment was performed by intracardiac puncture. Lipoprotein were prepared by preparative ultracentrifugation and their apoprotein content was obtained by densitometric scanning of the apoprotein electrophoretic pattern. The decrease of total plasma cholesterol and triglycerides and of cholesterol, triglycerides and protein content of all plasma lipoproteins observed in ascorbate treated rats, is accompanied by a marked modification of the apolipoprotein pattern of all lipoprotein classes studied, with an increase of apo E content in VLDL-IDL and LDL fractions (135 and 44% respectively), and a decrease of C (37%), AI (70%) and B (37.5%) apoproteins in VLDL-IDL and of apo C (36%) in LDL. On the contrary, in HDL fraction ascorbate induces an increase of C apoproteins (26%) and a decrease of E and B apoproteins (47% and 71% respectively). The data reported clearly show that in hypercholesterolemic rats the lipid lowering effect of ascorbate administration, is accompanied by a marked modification of the apoprotein pattern of all lipoprotein classes studied.
35 NAL Call No.: 447.8-Am3
Changes in brown adipose tissue composition during fasting and refeeding of diet-induced
obese mice.
Muralidhara, D. V.; Desautels, M. Am-j-physiol v.266(6,pt.2): p.R1907-R1915. (1994 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: obesity; diet; adipose-tissue; fasting; refeeding; heat-production; energy-expenditure; sympathetic-nervous-system; mitochondria; proteins; mice; uncoupling-protein
Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate how obesity would influence the changes in brown fat (BAT) thermogenic capacity during fasting-refeeding. Mice fed either chow or chow + high-fat supplement for 6 wk had body weights of 34 +/- 1 and 43 +/- 1 g, respectively. They were fasted for 48 h followed by ad libitum refeeding for up to 5 days. Loss of carcass fat was similar between food-deprived mice previously fed chow or chow + high-fat supplement. However, even after a 48-h fast, obese mice still had a carcass fat content much greater than that of chow-fed mice. Brown fat atrophy caused by food deprivation was characterized by reductions in tissue weight, fat, mitochondrial proteins and uncoupling protein (UCP), without change in tissue DNA. Obesity did not alter the rate or extent of brown fat atrophy. Upon refeeding 48-h- fasted lean and obese mice, there was recovery of BAT thermogenic capacity that was similar between the two groups. In chow-fed mice, an intact neural input was essential for recovery of BAT thermogenic capacity during refeeding. These results indicate that food deprivation triggers an immediate adaptive response in mice previously fed chow or chow + a high-fat supplement and that reduction in brown fat thermogenic capacity during fasting and its recovery during refeeding appear little affected by the size of the animal energy reserves.
36 NAL Call No.: SF405.5.A23
Characterization and quantification of microenvironmental contaminants in isolator cages
with a variety of contact beddings.
Perkins, S. E.; Lipman, N. S. Contem-top-lab-anim-sci v.34(3): p.93-98. (1995 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: mice; cages; litter; isolation; contaminants; microenvironments; temperature;
relative-humidity; carbon-dioxide; ammonia; acetic- acid; sulfur-dioxide
37 NAL Call No.: RA1190.F8
Characterization of olfactory deficits in the rat following administration of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (Dichlobenil), 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile, or methimazole.
Genter, M. B.; Owens, D. M.; Carlone, H. B.; Crofton, K. M. Fundam-appl-toxicol v.29(1): p.71-77. (1996 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dichlobenil; thiamazole; nitriles; intraperitoneal-injection; toxicity; olfactory-organs; adverse-effects; histopathology; rats; toxicology- ; idpn
Abstract: The histopathology of the olfactory mucosal lesion associated with ip administration of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil) and 3,3'- iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) has been well documented. Whether there is an olfactory deficit associated with the partial loss of the olfactory mucosa (localized around the dorsal medial meatus of the nasal cavity) has yet to be determined. Dichlobenil (100 mg/kg) or IDPN (200 mg/kg) was administered ip to adult male Long-Evans rats previously trained in an olfactory task to find a food pellet buried in approximately 7.5 cm of bedding in a 0.61 X 1.2 X 0.61-m Plexiglass chamber. As a positive control, another group received 300 mg/kg ip of 1-methyl-2- mercaptoimidazole (methimazole), a dosing regimen which destroys nearly all of the olfactory mucosa. All three compounds caused a transient increase in the mean latency to find the pellet, with the magnitude of the effect positively correlated with the extent of the olfactory lesion. In order to determine whether these deficits resulted from olfactory dysfunction or impaired cognitive function (a deficit previously attributed to IDPN exposure), another group of rats was dosed as above and tested in another spatial memory task, the Morris water maze (MWM), which is less dependent upon olfactory function. No performance deficit was detected in the MWM. These data suggest that the transient olfactory deficit in the dichlobenil-, IDPN-, and methimazole-treated rats is attributable to defective olfactory function.
38 NAL Call No.: 41.8-V6456
Children's pets (excluding the rabbit).
Taylor, N. R. Vet-Annu (30): p.335-341. (1990)
Descriptors: hamsters; golden-hamsters; cricetulus; phodopus; gerbils; meriones-libycus;
meriones-unguiculatus; guinea-pigs; mice; mus-musculus; rats; rattus-norvegicus; pet-care;
anesthesia; antibiotics; dosage; water-intake; antifungal-agents; antiparasitic-agents; cricetulus-cricetus; cricetulus-griseus; phodopus-sungons
39 NAL Call No.: 410.9-P94
Chronic bile duct cannulation in laboratory rats.
Rolf, L. L. Jr.; Bartels, K. E.; Nelson, E. C.; Berlin, K. D. Lab-Anim-Sci v.41(5): p.486-492.
(1991 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: rats; bile-ducts; cannulation; survival; bile; flow; pressure; secretory-pressure
Abstract: To our knowledge this is the first report of rat bile duct cannulations in which the distal cannula is hemisected but extends to the sphincter of Oddi. It is minimally invasive and requires only about 45 minutes preparation time. In contrast to studies described in the literature, enterohepatic recirculation remains intact but bile can always be separated from pancreatic secretions at investigator discretion in the model. In addition, biliary flow and pressure can be measured without compromise. Acute biliary secretory pressure, under anesthesia, was 17 cm water. Bile flow, averaging 9.6 microliter/min/100g was measured in unanesthetized rats surviving for 2 weeks (60% of animals monitored). Gross necropsy findings indicated that animals dying in less than 7 days usually suffered bile peritonitis subsequent to catheter rupture of the bile duct or loss from the ligature restraint. Deaths after 2 weeks were usually related to cholestasis due to blockage of the catheter with mineral debris and/or duct tissue. A detailed literature review of bile duct cannulation in rats has been made.
40 NAL Call No.: 447.8-Am3
Chronic food restriction and acute food deprivation decrease mRNA levels of opioid
peptides in arcuate nucleus.
Kim, E. M.; Welch, C. C.; Grace, M. K.; Billington, C. J.; Levine, A. S. Am-j-physiol
v.270(5,pt.2): p.R1019-R1024. (1996 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: food-restriction; food-deprivation; food-intake; enkephalins; opioid-peptides;
messenger-rna; gene-expression; hypothalamus; rats; proenkephalins; prodynorphins;
proopiomelanocortin
Abstract: Although opioid administration induces food intake, the relationship between endogenous opioid synthesis and food consumption is unclear. Two studies examined the effects of food restriction and deprivation on opioid mRNA levels in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the rat. Body weight significantly decreased following food restriction and deprivation (P < 0.0001). In experiment 1, food restriction of 10, 20, 30, and 40% (g) of ad libitum intake for 14 days decreased proDynorphin (proDyn), proEnkephalin (proEnk), and proO-piomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA levels in a linear fashion relative to changes in body weight (r = 0.398, P = 0.011; r = 0.455, P = 0.0028; r = 0.292, P = 0.0642, respectively). In experiment 2, 48 h deprivation significantly decreased mRNA levels of proDyn and POMC by 23.7% (P < 0.05) and 45.6% (P < 0.01), respectively, whereas 24 h food deprivation decreased POMC mRNA by 43.0% (P < 0.01). proEnk mRNA was not affected by 24- or 48-h food deprivation. Restricting food intake suppressed mRNA levels of proDyn, proEnk, and POMC by 29.7, 22.3, and 44.4%, respectively, in 20% restricted rats and by 35.5, 26.8, and 45.6%, respectively, in 40% restricted rats (P < 0.01). It appears that ARC mRNA levels of proDyn, proEnk, and POMC are directly related to the amount of food consumed and/or changes in body weight in food-restricted and food- deprived rats.
41 NAL Call No.: RC620.A1N8
Chronic noise and water restriction as stress models in relation to food and water intake
and hormonal profiles in adult male rats.
Armario, A.; Castellanos, J. M.; Balasch, J. Nutr-Rep-Int v.28(6): p.1333-1339. (1983 Dec.)
Includes references.
42 NAL Call No.: 410.9-P94
Chronic sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV) infection in athymic rats.
Hajjar, A. M.; DiGiacomo, R. F.; Carpenter, J. K.; Bingel, S. A.; Moazed, T. C. Lab-Anim-Sci
v.41(1): p.22-25. (1991 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: rats; sialodacryoadenitis-virus; thymus-gland; chronic-infections; symptoms;
histopathology; outbreaks
Abstract: Sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV) was detected in athymic rats subcutaneously implanted with human tumor cell lines. Clinical signs included sneezing, dyspnea, weight loss and death. Necropsy revealed both upper and lower respiratory tract disease from which Staphylococcus aureus. Pasteurella pneumotropica and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were recovered. Histopathological changes consisted of suppurative rhinitis and bronchopneumonia. Lesions characteristic of SDAV infection were found in lacrimal and salivary glands, and viral antigens were detected in the salivary glands and respiratory tract by immunohistochemistry. Submaxillary salivary gland, Harderian gland and lung homogenates from affected athymic rats were inoculated intranasally into euthymic rats as a rat antibody production test. All euthymic rats seroconverted to SDAV. Seroconversion to SDAV was demonstrated in consecutive pairs of sentinel euthymic rats housed for 6 months with infected athymic rats. Inoculation of supernatants of the original tumor cell lines into euthymic rats did not result in seroconversion. The source of the virus was not determined. In this study, spontaneously acquired SDAV infection persisted for at least 6 months in athymic rats.
43 NAL Call No.: QD415.A1B52
Circadian changes in glycogen content in rat interscapularbrown adipose tissue: effect of
cold exposure and food deprivation.
Felipe, A.; Lopez Soriano, F. J. Biochem-Int v.21(3): p.537-543. (1990 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: fasting; cold-stress; brown-fat; circadian-rhythm; glycogen; lipids; liver; glucose;
insulin
44 NAL Call No.: 447.8-Am3
Circadian rhythms of temperature and activity in obese and lean Zucker rats.
Murakami, D. M.; Horwitz, B. A.; Fuller, C. A. Am-j-physiol v.269(5,pt.2): p.R1038-R1043.
(1995 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: obesity; energy-metabolism; energy-balance; circadian-rhythm; body-temperature;
physical-activity; rats
Abstract: The circadian timing system is important in the regulation of feeding and metabolism, both of which are aberrant in the obese Zucker rat. This study tested the hypothesis that these abnormalities involve a deficit in circadian regulation by examining the circadian rhythms of body temperature and activity in lean and obese Zucker rats exposed to normal light-dark cycles, constant light, and constant dark. Significant deficits in both daily mean and circadian amplitude of temperature and activity were found in obese Zucker female rats relative to lean controls in all lighting conditions. However, the circadian period of obese Zucker rats did not exhibit differences relative to lean controls in either of the constant lighting conditions. These results indicate that although the circadian regulation of temperature and activity in obese Zucker female rats is in fact depressed, obese rats do exhibit normal entrainment and pacemaker functions in the circadian timing system. The results suggest a deficit in the process that generates the amplitude of the circadian rhythm.
45 NAL Call No.: QL55.A1L33
Clinical management of spontaneous diabetes mellitus in the BB rat.
Olson, G. A.; Toth, L.; Hinson, A.; Bursi, J. Lab-Anim v.19(2): p.31-34. (1990 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: rats; diabetes-mellitus; laboratory-rearing; drug-therapy; medical-treatment; insulin
46 NAL Call No.: QL55.F43-1993
Combined mapping of DNA markers (SSLP) and biochemical markers in the rat.
Otsen, M.; Bieman, M. d.; Jacob, H. J.; Zutphen, L. F. M. v. Welfare and science proceedings of
the Fifth Symposium of the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations, 8-11 June 1993, Brighton, UK / Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations
Symposium. London : Royal Society of Medicine Press, 1994.. p. 421-423.
Poster presentation at the symposium.
Descriptors: rats; microsatellites; genetic-markers; recombination; linkage; gene-mapping
47 NAL Call No.: SF405.5.A23
Comparative effects of forced-air, individual cage ventilation or an absorbent bedding
additive on mouse isolator cage microenvironment.
Huerkamp, M. J.; Lehner, N. D. M. Contem-top-lab-anim-sci v.33(2): p.58-61. (1994 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: mice; cages; microenvironments; artificial-ventilation; litter; ammonia;
temperature; relative-humidity; carbon-dioxide; methane; hydrogen-sulfide; hydrophilic-polymer-bedding-additives
48 NAL Call No.: 410.9-P94
A comparison of euthanasia methods in rats, using carbon dioxide in prefilled and fixed
flow rate filled chambers.
Hewett, T. A.; Kovacs, M. S.; Artwohl, J. E.; Bennett, B. T. Lab-anim-sci v.43(6): p.579-582.
(1993 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: rats; euthanasia; carbon-dioxide; animal-welfare; methodology; blood; gases;
animal-behavior
Abstract: The two methods (prefilled and fixed flow rate filled chambers) recommended in the 1993 AVMA Euthanasia Panel report for using carbon dioxide to euthanatize rats were evaluated in terms of their effect on behavior and selected blood gas values. Responses were videotaped during exposure to greater than or equal to 90% carbon dioxide in a prefilled chamber or a gradually filled chamber, using a fixed flow rate of 20% chamber volume/min. Arterial blood samples were taken to determine partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, pH, and oxygen saturation prior to entering the chamber and at time points determined by rats' responses to carbon dioxide. Rats showed similar reactions when exposed to carbon dioxide by either method. Significant differences in mean time for each response to occur were seen between euthanasia methods. Maintaining a near atmospheric oxygen chamber concentration by using a 75% CO2:20% O2:5% N2 gas mixture to gradually fill the chamber did not change rats' reactions upon exposure. Significant differences were found between pre-exposure values and values from samples obtained when rats became immobile after entering the prefilled chamber. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide significantly increased, and pH and percent oxygen saturation significantly decreased from pre-exposure values in all samples obtained after rats entered the gradually filled chamber. Partial pressure of oxygen in these rats was greater than or equal to pre-exposure levels in all samples. Rats appeared sedated because of the anesthestic effects of carbon dioxide when immobility was observed. Distress was not observed in the rats when either method of euthanasia.
49 NAL Call No.: QL55.A1L3
Comparison of gavage, water bottle, and a high-moisture diet bolus as dosing methods for
quantitative D-xylose administration to B6D2F1 (Mus musculus) mice.
Zimmer, J. P.; Lewis, S. M.; Moyer, J. L. Lab-Anim v.27(2): p.164-170. (1993 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: mice; drug-delivery-systems
Abstract: Gavage, water bottle, and diet incorporation are 3 dosing methods used orally to administer test compounds to rodents. These 3 methods were compared in mice to determine which represented the most quantitative delivery system. For dietary incorporation, a high-moisture bolus form of NIH-31 rodent meal was developed using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as an autoclave-stable binding agent. A high-moisture bolus was selected to increase the acceptability of the dosed diet and to promote quantitative consumption through reduced wastage. The test compound used was D-xylose, a pentose sugar that may be quantitatively detected, colorimetrically, in urine following oral dosing. Six male and 6 female B6D2F1 mice were placed in metabolism cages and dosed with a known quantity of D-xylose by each of the 3 methods. Urine was collected before and after each method of administration and analysed for total D-xylose; the per cent recovery was based upon the amount of D-xylose consumed. Quantitative consumption was apparently greatest for water bottle dosing with an average recovery of 56.0% of the original D-xylose dose. High-moisture bolus incorporation ranked second with 56.0% D-xylose recovery, and gavage was third with 41.0% D- xylose recover.
50 NAL Call No.: 410.9-P94
A comparison of rodent caging systems based on microenviromental parameters.
Corning, B. F.; Lipman, N. S. Lab-Anim-Sci v.41(5): p.498-503. (1991 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: mice; cages; environmental-temperature; carbon-dioxide; relative-humidity;
ammonia
Abstract: Four different mouse caging systems were evaluated for microenvironmental temperature, carbon dioxide, relative humidity (RH) and ammonia levels during a 7-day testing period. All caging systems evaluated had polycarbonate bases and consisted of either a molded polyester (MP) filter lid, one of two different polycarbonate filter lids, or no filter lid which served as a control. At 50% macroenvironmental RH (study I), all systems maintained an intracage temperature of 75.5 degrees F +/- 0.5 degrees. Both polycarbonate systems averaged > 2200 ppm of carbon dioxide more than the MP system and the controls. When compared with RH in the control cages, RH levels averaged over 20% and 5 to 8% RH greater in the polycarbonate filter lid systems and the MP system, respectively. There were no appreciable ammonia levels in either the MP or control systems. In the polycarbonate filter lid systems, ammonia levels were detectable on day 4 and were > 200 ppm by day 6. At 20% macroenvironmental RH (study II), there was a proportional 15 to 30% RH decrease from study I levels. Ammonia levels were undetectable in any system until day 7 and averaged only 17 ppm in one of the polycarbonate systems. Minimal differences were observed in studies III, IV and V when pine shavings were used instead of hardwood chips, a CD-1 stock instead of a DBA/2J strain, and different grades of filter inserts in the polycarbonate systems, respectively.
51 NAL Call No.: 410.9-P94
Comparison of the effects of five adjuvants on the antibody response to influenza virus
antigen in guinea pigs.
Robuccio, J. A.; Griffith, J. W.; Chroscinski, E. A.; Cross, P. J.; Light, T. E.; Lang, C. M. Lab-anim-sci v.45(4): p.420-426. (1995 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: guinea-pigs; adjuvants; influenzavirus; immunostimulants; viral-hemagglutinins;
lesions; intramuscular-injection; antibody-formation; swelling; histopathology; animal-welfare
Abstract: Five adjuvants were tested for their effect on the immune response in guinea pigs to the hemagglutinin antigen of influenza virus strain B/Panama. Vaccines containing 924 micrograms of hemagglutinin antigen/ml were prepared at high and low doses of Freund's complete and incomplete adjuvants, Syntex adjuvant, RIBI's adjuvant, TiterMax adjuvant, and aluminum phosphate adjuvant. Responses to these vaccines were compared with those to a control vaccine containing influenza virus B/Panama hemagglutinin antigen and saline. On day 28, vaccines containing the following adjuvant doses had significantly higher titers than the titer for the control: Freund adjuvants at high and low doses, RIBI at high dose, TiterMax at high and low doses, and aluminum phosphate at high dose. On day 42, vaccines containing the following adjuvant doses had significantly higher titers than that for the control: Freund adjuvants at high and low doses, RIBI at high dose, TiterMax at high dose, and aluminum phosphate at high dose. Freund adjuvants at high and low doses, RIBI adjuvant at high dose, and aluminum phosphate at high dose caused significantly greater swelling at the inoculation site than did the control vaccine. TiterMax adjuvant at high and low doses, and aluminum phosphate at low dose caused minor swelling at the inoculation site, but it was not significantly different from the swelling caused by the control vaccine. Syntex adjuvant at high and low doses, RIRI at low dose, and control (saline/antigen) at high and low doses caused no swelling after inoculation. Overall, the high dose of adjuvants caused greater tissue swelling than did the low dose of adjuvants. Histologically. myositis; TiterMax caused necrotizing pyogranulomatous myositis; and aluminum phosphate induced necrotizing granulomatous myositis. TiterMax at high dose was the only vaccine combination that resulted in significantly higher titer to influenza virus antigen than the titer to the control (saline/antigen) vaccine and did not cause significantly greater swelling in response to inoculation than did the control vaccine.
52 NAL Call No.: QL55.I5
Comparisons of individually housed male mice with those kept in small groups in a food
competition situation.
Bartos, L.; Brain, P. F.; Donat, P. Anim-technol v.45(2): p.101-110. (1994 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: mice; laboratory-rearing; group-size; isolation; social-behavior; aggressive-behavior; animal-behavior; animal-competition
53 NAL Call No.: QP141.A1A64
Conditioned preferences for the taste and odor components of flavors: blocking but not
overshadowing.
Holder, M. D. Appetite v.17(1): p.29-45. (1991 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: food-preferences; taste; odors; flavor; sucrose; food-deprivation; conditioning;
appetite; theory; validity; rats
Abstract: Sprague-Dawley rats were given two water bottles. One bottle contained sucrose and the other did not. Distinctive odors and/or tastes were paired with sucrose or plain water solutions. Preferences for the odor and taste were then measured under iso-caloric conditions when the rats were and were not food deprived. The rats preferred the odor or taste that had previously been paired with sucrose. The strength of this preference increased when the rats were food deprived suggesting that the effect was calorie mediated. The development of a preference to the odor or taste was not affected by the addition of a taste or odor; there was no evidence of overshadowing. Conditioned taste and odor preferences were partially blocked by prior pairing of the odor or taste with sucrose. The absence of overshadowing, but not the presence of blocking, was predicted by a theory of associative learning which treats odors as conditioned stimuli, tastes as unconditioned stimuli and ingestional consequences (e.g. calories or illness) as a new category referred to as feedback.
54 NAL Call No.: QL55.A1L33
Containment of a mouse hepatitis virus outbreak to a single facility at a large multi-site
research university.
Potter, M.; Borkowski, G.; Carey, D. Lab-anim v.25(1): p.36-39. (1996 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: mice; murine-hepatitis-virus; disease-control
55 NAL Call No.: 410.9-P94
Convulsions in senescence-accelerated mice (SAM-R/1/Eis).
Yamazaki, K.; Kumazawa, A.; Ito, K.; Kurihara, K.; Nakayama, M.; Wakabayashi, T. Lab-Anim-Sci v.42(4): p.378-381. (1992 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: mice; animal-models; convulsions; aging
Abstract: Senescence-accelerated mice (SAM) are one of the animal models used for studying senescence, which consist of several substrains such as SAM-R/1, R/2, P/1, P/2. SAM-R/1/Eis maintained in Eisai Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Ibaraki, Japan, was originally introduced as a substrain of a normal control SAM-R/1 from Kyoto University, Japan. We have noted signs of convulsions in SAM-R/1/Eis mice during routine animal care, particularly while changing cages. We identified the clinical signs and determined the concentrations of glucose and immunoreactive insulin in plasma of SAM-R/1/Eis mice. There were no differences in the male:female ratios of mice showing prodrome only, grand mal, or no-signs. The ages at which prodrome and grand mal were first noted peaked between 20 and 25 weeks. Concentrations of glucose and immunoreactive insulin in plasma did not indicate the mice were in insulin hypoglycemia, which is one cause of convulsions. AKR strain mice, some of which originated with the SAM strain are known to become convulsive by repeated "throwing" stimulations. Conversely, in SAM-R/1/Eis, throwing stimuli are not needed to cause convulsive signs. Thus it is likely that in SAM-R/1/Eis mice the signs are triggered by repeating mild environmental changes, such as changing cages. The results of this study show that SAM-R/1/Eis is neither a normal control strain, nor an original SAM-R/1 strain. But it is possible that SAM-R/1/Eis is another useful animal model for studying spontaneous convulsion.
56 NAL Call No.: 410.9-P94
Coronavirus-like virions associated with a wasting syndrome in guinea pigs.
Jaax, G. P.; Jaax, N. K.; Petrali, J. P.; Corcoran, K. D.; Vogel, A. P. Lab-Anim-Sci v.40(4):
p.375-378. (1990 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: guinea-pigs; coronavirus; feces; weight-losses; diarrhea; viral-diseases
Abstract: An apparent wasting syndrome was observed in newly arriving 3 to 4 week old guinea pigs characterized by anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, perineal staining and death. Diagnostic efforts to attribute the disease to husbandry, environmental factors or to known guinea pig pathogens were unsuccessful. Clinical signs, enteric histopathological lesions and diagnostic transmission electron microscopy identification of typical coronavirus-like virions in fecal samples were consistent with enteric coronaviral diseases seen in other species.
57 NAL Call No.: QL55.A1L3
Corticosterone, adrenal and spleen weight in mice after tail bleeding, and its effect on
nearby animals.
Tuli, J. S.; Smith, J. A.; Morton, D. B. Lab-anim v.29(1): p.90-95. (1995 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: mice; stress; blood-sampling; tail; corticosterone; adrenal-glands; spleen; weight;
exposure
Abstract: Experiments were performed in mice to study if stress was involved in tail bleeding and to investigate any transmittable signal at killing. A second study looked at the time taken to recover from stress elicited by these procedures. Corticosterone levels were significantly higher in mice immediately after the completion of tail bleeding than in control mice (P<0.05) suggesting that tail bleeding in mice was stressful. This study did not show any evidence for an odour or sound being released during killing or tail bleeding as there was no significant effect on corticosterone levels in mice present in the same room at the time these procedures were carried out. Corticosterone levels in mice killed on days 1, 3, and 7 after tail bleeding were significantly lower (P<0.05) than the average corticosterone level in tail blood on day 1, indicating that mice recovered within 24 h from the stress of tail bleeding.
58 NAL Call No.: aHV4701.A952
The cotton rat in biomedical research.
Prince, G. A. Animal-Welf-Inf-Cent-newsl v.5(2): p.3-5. (1994 Summer)
Descriptors: sigmodon; medical-research; animal-experiments; disease-models; animal-husbandry
59 NAL Call No.: SF405.5.C36
Cotton rats in the research environment or "White rats can't jump".
Boyer, L. Can-Assoc-Lab-Anim-Sci-newsl v.28(6): p.180-181. (1994 Dec.)
Descriptors: sigmodon-hispidus; laboratory-rearing; animal-husbandry; animal-breeding; cages;
enrichment; anesthesia
60 NAL Call No.: 410-B77
Courtship ultrasonic vocalizations and social status in mice.
D'Amato, F. R. Anim-Behav v.41(pt.5): p.875-885. (1991 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: mice; vocalization; mating-behavior; social-status; reproductive-performance;
inhibition; urine; biological-competition
Abstract: A series of experiments was conducted to investigate whether the poorer sexual performance of subordinate than dominant male mice, Mus domesticus, was linked to lower sexual motivation. Ultrasonic calls uttered by a male in the presence of a female were used as an index of sexual interest. Males were housed in pairs for 5 days and dominant/subordinate roles were assigned. Subordinates, when tested in their home cage immediately after the removal of the dominant male, uttered more ultrasounds than the latter. When the dominant males was tested before the subordinate, there was no difference in the number of ultrasounds uttered and the subordinates' performance was consistently poorer. The fewer calls recored when subordinate males were tested after the dominant partner was not associated with less defence/escape behaviour, nor could it be explained as habituation to female odour, as a consequence of being tested after the dominant partner. Within sexually experienced pairs, the urine of dominant males in interacting with a female for 3 min reduced the number of ultrasounds uttered by the subordinate in the presence of a female. It is suggested that an inhibitory factor in the dominant male's urine functions as an indirect competitive mechanism when direct competition is prevented by removing the dominant subject.
61 NAL Call No.: 410.9-P94
Decontamination of rat embryos and transfer to specific pathogen-free recipients for the
production of a breeding colony.
Rouleau, A. M. J.; Kovacs, P. R.; Kunz, H. W.; Armstrong, D. T. Lab-anim-sci v.43(6): p.611-615. (1993 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: rats; germfree-state; germfree-animals; decontamination; embryos; superovulation;
embryo-transfer; trypsin
Abstract: When animals are introduced to a specific pathogen-free (SPF) facility, care must be taken to avoid the possibility of disease transmission to the local colony. This study investigated the application of a combination of reproductive biotechnologies to establish a new disease-free colony of two rat strains, DarkAgouti(Da/Pit) and Wistar Furth(WF/Pit), from a stock known to be chronically infected with the following
62 NAL Call No.: QL55.J55
Deodorization of laboratory animal facilities by ozone.
Pan, T. M.; Shimoda, K.; Cai, Y.; Kiuchi, Y.; Nakama, K.; Akimoto, T.; Nagashima, Y.; Kai, M.;
Ohira, M.; Saegusa, J. Exp-anim v.44(3): p.255-259. (1995 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: laboratories; odor-abatement; ozone; ammonia; trimethylamine; rats; guinea-pigs
63 NAL Call No.: QD1.A45
Dermal absorption and disposition of formulations of malathion in Sprague-Dawley rats
and humans.
Dary, C. C.; Blancato, J. N.; Castles, M.; Reddy, V.; Cannon, M.; Saleh, M. A.; Cash, G. G.
ACS-symp-ser (542): p.231-263. (1994)
In the series analytic: Biomarkers of human exposure to pesticides / edited by M.A. Saleh, J.N.
Blancato, and C.H. Nauman. Paper presented at the 204th National Meeting of the American
Chemical Society, August 23-28, 1992, Washington, D.C.
Descriptors: malathion; formulations; toxicity; skin; exposure; absorption; metabolism;
excretion; man; rats
Abstract: Dermal absorption of neat malathion, a 50% emulsifiable concentrate (50% EC), and a 1% and 10% aqueous mixture of the 50% EC formulation was examined in human volunteers. The absorption and elimination profiles of [14C]-malathion equivalents in the urine of the human were compared with the rat. Constants of absorption and elimination were calculated. Distribution of [14C]-malathion equivalents in selected tissues were examined in the rat. The 50% EC formulation was absorbed as readily as the neat malathion. The absorption of the organic based formulations was influenced by the increase in the surface area of the site of application. The total cumulative absorption was concentration dependent. The rate of absorption of the neat malathion, the 50% EC formulation, and 10% aqueous mixture was less than the rate of elimination resulting in a depletion of the body burden. The rate of absorption and elimination of the 1% aqueous mixture were coincident. The elimination of malathion was efficient and independent of surface area, concentration, and formulation. The disposition of malathion favored organs of metabolism and elimination, liver and kidney. A substantial portion of the dose remained at the site of application. The results suggest that acute human toxicity could occur from handling the concentrate when a substantial portion of the exposed skin is contaminated. Acute toxicity from contact with surfaces treated with the aqueous mixtures would be unlikely. Repeated exposure, however, could burden organs of metabolism and elimination, skin, liver and kidney.
64 NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Description and validation of a preference test system to evaluate housing conditions for
laboratory mice.
Blom, H. J. M.; Vorstenbosch, C. J. A. H. V. v.; Baumans, V.; Hoogervorst, M. J. C.; Beynen, A.
C.; Zutphen, L. F. M. v. Appl-Anim-Behav-Sci v.35(1): p.67-82. (1992 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: mice; animal-housing
65 NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Development and application of a preference test system to evaluate housing conditions for
laboratory rats.
Blom, H. J. M.; Tintelen, G. v.; Baumans, V.; Broek, J. v. d.; Beynen, A. C. Appl-anim-behav-sci
v.43(4): p.279-290. (1995 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: rats; cages; height; light-intensity; tests; animal-welfare
66 NAL Call No.: QL55.I5
The development of a pheromone isolation and delivery (PID) system for small mammals.
Schank, J. C.; Tomasino, C. I.; McClintock, M. K. Anim-technol v.46(2): p.103-113. (1995 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: rats; pheromones; isolation; systems; environmental-control; air-flow; animal-housing; litter; isolation-units
67 NAL Call No.: QL55.F43-1993
The development of a powdered-diet food hopper for hamsters.
Fisher, R. Welfare and science proceedings of the Fifth Symposium of the Federation of
European Laboratory Animal Science Associations, 8-11 June 1993, Brighton, UK / Federation
of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations Symposium. London : Royal Society of
Medicine Press, 1994.. p. 442-444.
Poster presentation at the symposium.
Descriptors: hamsters; feed-intake; liveweight-gain; feed-dispensers
68 NAL Call No.: QH313.C65
Development of an animal genome database and its search system.
Wada, Y.; Yasue, H. Comput-appl-biosci v.12(3): p.231-235. (1996 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pigs; cattle; mice; man; genome-analysis; gene-mapping; databases; information-retrieval; information-services; internet; electronic-mail; comparative-gene-mapping
Abstract: An animal genome database has been developed on a Unix workstation and maintained by a relational database management system. This database has focused on the comparative gene mapping between species to assist the mapping of the genes related to phenotypic traits in livestock. The linkage maps, cytogenetic maps, polymerase chain reaction primers of pig, cattle, mouse and human, and their references have been included in the database, and the correspondence among species have been stipulated in the database. In order to search the database effectively, the World Wide Web server (http://ws4.niai.affrc.go.jp/) and the electronic mail server system (e-mail: jgbase- mail@niai.affrc.go.jp) have been developed on different Unix workstations. These servers are connected to the Internet.
69 NAL Call No.: QP141.A1A64
Development of tolerance to endogenous opiates activated by 24-h food deprivation.
Davidson, T. L.; McKenzie, B. R.; Tujo, C. J.; Bish, C. K. Appetite v.19(1): p.1-13. (1992 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: food-deprivation; opioid-peptides; temperature; stimulation; pain; tolerance; rats
Abstract: Four experiments assessed the effects of exposure to 24-h food deprivation on the tail-flick latency of rats exposed to a temperature stimulus. Confirming previous studies, Experiment 1 showed that food deprivation gave rise to analgesia, as indicated by increased tail-flick latencies, that was antagonized by naloxone. Experiment 2 found that analgesia was greatly reduced after five exposures to periods of 24-h food deprivation (alternating with 24-h free access to food), indicating the development of tolerance. Experiments 3 and 3a examined the development of tolerance to the analgesic effects of morphine following repeated morphine injections, saline injections, and exposure to 24-h food deprivation plus saline injections. The combined results of both experiments provided evidence that repeated exposures to either morphine or food deprivation, produced greater tolerance to morphine than did exposures to saline. That food deprivation was cross-tolerant with morphine indicated that tolerance to food deprivation-induced analgesia involved opioid mechanisms. The relevance of opioid tolerance to psychobiological models of feeding and to the development of an animal model of anorexia nervosa was discussed.
70 NAL Call No.: 410.9-P94
Diagnostic exercise: ophthalmitis in nude mice housed in ventilated micro-isolator cages.
Griffin, H. E.; Boyce, J. T.; Bontempo, J. M. Lab-anim-sci v.45(5): p.595-596 (1995 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: mice; eyelids; pathology; eyes; cellulosic-fibers; hair; mutants; laboratory-rearing;
diagnosis; litter
71 NAL Call No.: QP901.A33-v.371
Dietary antigen handling by mother and offspring in a two generation study.
Telemo, E.; Dahlgren, U.; Hanson, L. A.; Wold, A. Advances in mucosal immunology /. New
York : Plenum Press, c1995.. p. 517-519.
Paper presented at the 7th International Congress of Mucosal Immunology, August 16-21, 1992,
Prague, Czechoslovakia.
Descriptors: diet; antigens; beta-lactoglobulin; ovalbumin; tolerance; immunity; maternal-fetal-exchange; rats
72 NAL Call No.: 389.8-J82
Dietary arginine deficiency alters flux of glutamine and urea cycle intermediates across the
portal-drained viscera and liver of rats.
Hartman, W. J.; Prior, R. L. J-Nutr v.122(7): p.1472-1482. (1992 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: diet; nutrient-deficiencies; arginine; glutamine; citrulline; metabolism; liver; rats
Abstract: The effect of an arginine-deficient diet on net flux of amino acids across the portal-drained viscera and across the liver was studied in rats. Blood was obtained after food deprivation and 1 and 2 h after a meal of a 1.0% arginine control diet or an arginine-deficient diet containing 3.4% glutamate. The arginine-deficient diet decreased net portal-drained viscera flux of arginine and increased net portal-drained viscera flux of ornithine and proline. However, net portal-drained viscera flux of citrulline (0.35 +/- 0.05 micromole/min) was not influenced by diet; of this rate, 46% (0.16 micromole/min) bypassed the liver and was available for extrahepatic arginine synthesis. However, rats continued to exhibit signs of arginine deficiency such as decreased blood arginine concentrations (by 28%) and increased orotic acid excretion (90-fold). Arterial blood glutamine concentration was 25% higher in rats fed the arginine-deficient diet. In the fed state, net hepatic flux of glutamine was elevated from 0.15 (control) to 1.39 micromoles/min, indicating that the liver was a major source of the increased blood glutamine concentrations. Increased production of hepatic glutamine and orotic acid may help rats compensate for dietary arginine deficiency, whereas splanchnic output of citrulline was not increased with dietary arginine deficiency even with a substantial dietary supply of glutamate.
73 NAL Call No.: 447.8-AM3
Dietary control of the lactase mRNA distribution along the rat small intestine.
Duluc, I.; Galluser, M.; Raul, F.; Freund, J. N. Am-J-Physiol v.262(6,pt.1): p.G954-G961. (1992
June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: diet; beta-galactosidase; beta-fructofuranosidase; hydrolases; messenger-rna;
transcription; enzyme-activity; distribution; suckling; weaning; jejunum; ileum; ontogeny;
young-animals; adults; rats; lactase-phlorizin-hydrolase; longitudinal-distribution
Abstract: At weaning, the lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) mRNA was shown to disappear specifically from the distal part of ileum while remaining abundant in the more proximal segments of the small intestine. The purpose of this study was to analyze the longitudinal distribution of this transcript in rats whose intestinal lumen content was modified before and after weaning. Preweaned animals force-fed with an artificial diet retained a high amount of LPH mRNA in the jejunum, whereas this transcript precociously decreased in the distal ileum. Conversely, prolonged nursing delayed the specific decay of the LPH mRNA in the latter segment. Food deprivation in preweaned animals did not alter the longitudinal distribution of this transcript in that it remained abundant in the distal ileum. In adult rats, rearranging the order of the small intestinal segments with regard to the intraluminal flow of nutrients did not modify the typical distribution of the LPH mRNA. These results suggest that switching over from milk to the adult-type diet at weaning contributes to the modification of the longitudinal distribution of the LPH mRNA that normally occurs at this stage. However, once the adult pattern of expression of this transcript is established, it cannot be significantly altered by changing the position of each intestinal segment as well as its luminal content.
74 NAL Call No.: 389.8-J82
Dietary fish oil does not alter glucose tolerance in conscious rats.
Behme, M. T.; Dupre, J.; Holub, B. J.; Philbrick, D. J. J-nutr v.123(12): p.2085-2089. (1993
Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: fish-oils; glucose-tolerance; supplements; eicosapentaenoic-acid; docosenoic-acids;
phospholipids; liver; pancreas; pancreas-islets; blood-plasma; insulin; rats; docosahexaenoic-acid
Abstract: We examined the effect of dietary fish oil (MaxEPA) and sunflower seed oil on glucose tolerance in male Wistar rats. Semipurified diets containing 100 g oil/kg diet were administered for 30 d. The fish oil diet contained 26 g (n-3) fatty acids, 16 g eicosapentaenoic acid and 10.4 g docosahexaenoic acid/kg diet. Phospholipids from liver, pancreas, and pancreatic islets were enriched in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids by the fish oil diet. in unfed pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, both basal plasma insulin concentration and insulin responses to intravenous glucose were significantly lower for Ash oil-fed rats although glucose responses were similar; however, incremental excursions in plasma insulin over the basal concentrations did not differ. intravenous glucose tolerance was also examined in conscious unfed rats under minimal restraint. Responses of plasma glucose and insulin were similar for fish oil- and sunflower oil-fed groups. Furthermore, in another experiment, intravenous glucose tolerance tests were similar for conscious rats provided with either 100 g fish oil or corn oil/kg nonpurified diet. Thus, glucose-induced insulin secretion is lower in rats fed fish oil than in rats fed sunflower oil, when tests are conducted in pentobarbital- anesthetized animals but not when tests are performed in conscious rats; there was no effect on plasma glucose in either anesthetized or nonanesthetized rats. Therefore, substitution of (n-3) for (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids in tissue phospholipids does not alter plasma glucose or insulin in conscious male Wistar rats.
75 NAL Call No.: 389.8-J82
Dietary (n-3) fatty acids affect rat heart, liver and aorta protective enzyme activities and
lipid peroxidation.
L'Abbe, M. R.; Trick, K. D.; Beare Rogers, J. L. J-Nutr v.121(9): p.1331-1340. (1991 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dietary-fat; saturated-fatty-acids; unsaturated-fatty-acids; aorta; heart; liver;
enzyme-activity; glutathione-peroxidase; superoxide- dismutase; lipid-peroxidation; rats
Abstract: In a 16-wk study, weanling Wistar rats (32 males and 32 females) were fed a modified AIN-76 diet containing 20% fat with various (n-3) fatty acids. All dietary fats provided the same amount of saturates, monounsaturates, and total essential fatty acids [(n-6) + (n-3)]. The control diet contained lard/corn oil (L/CO). The other diets contained (n-3) fatty acids from linseed oil (LSO), from linseed oil + menhaden oil (LSO+MO) or from menhaden oil (MO). The (n-3) diets reduced total and HDL-cholesterol, particularly in rats fed the MO diet. Platelet thromboxane levels were equally depressed by the LSO and MO diets. Dietary (n-3) fatty acids significantly elevated docosahexaenoic acid in livers and hearts of male and female rats, with females reaching higher levels. This increase was accompanied by reduced arachidonic acid, except for hearts of females in which the major decrease was in linoleic acid. Overall, enzyme activities in the MO-fed group were decreased to the following levels (relative to the activity in the control group): heart Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD), 28%; liver CuZnSOD, 82%; aorta CuZnSOD, 32%. Greater reductions in these enzyme activities were seen in the female rats fed the MO diet compared with male rats. Lipid peroxidation, assessed by urinary, heart and liver thiobarbituric acid reactants, was increased by dietary (n-3) fatty acids (MO > LSO + MO > LSO > L/CO) and was higher in females than in males. These results indicate that enhanced lipid peroxidation occurs with the increased oxidative stress of elevated tissue (n-3) fatty acids accompanied by reduced SOD activity.
76 NAL Call No.: 447.8-AM3
Dietary obesity and weight cycling in rats: a model of stress-induced hypertension.
Contreras, R. J.; King, S.; Rives, L.; Williams, A.; Wattleton, T. Am-J-Physiol v.261(4,pt.2):
p.R848-R857. (1991 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: obesity; hypertension; blood-pressure; heart-rate; stress; diet; body-weight; cycling;
angiotensin; animal-models; rats
Abstract: The present study was designed to reproduce the mild hypertension seen in dietary obese weight-cycled rats [P. Ernsberger and D. 0. Nelson. Am. J. Physiol. 254 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol 23): R47-R55, 1988] and determine whether this mild hypertension was associated with changes in sodium excretion and pressor responsiveness to angiotensin II (ANG II). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed pelleted chow (Pellet group) or chow plus sweetened condensed milk (Milk group) or were exposed to four cycles of a 4-day fast alternated with 2 wk of refeeding of pelleted chow and sweetened condensed milk (Cycled group). Blood pressure and heart rate were measured by tail cuff at the onset and last day of each fast and after 3 days of refeeding. During fasting, urine sodium excretion was measured. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate responses to intravenous administration of ANG II (40, 80, and 120 ng/kg), metoprolol (1 mg/kg), and methyl scopolamine (2 mg/kg) were obtained from the femoral artery in awake unrestrained rats. Weight cycling did not lead to mild hypertension or increased bradycardic response to sympathetic blockade with metoprolol. ANG II-elicited pressor responses were similar for Pellet, Milk, and Cycled groups. Sodium excretion did not change with fasting. Mild hypertension developed when obese weight-cycled rats were housed together in groups and not when housed individually. Our preliminary data are consistent with the notion that stress associated with group housing may be a factor in the mild hypertension of obese weight-cycled rats.
77 NAL Call No.: QP141.A1A64
Dietary restriction delays gastric emptying in rats.
Robinson, P. H.; Stephenson, J. S. Appetite v.14(3): p.193-201. (1990 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: food-deprivation; stomach-emptying; body-weight; time-lag; animal-experiments;
rats
Abstract: In rats allowed to eat for only 2 h per day, gastric emptying of three different meals [poached egg white, glucose (0.5 kcal/ml) and physiological saline, each labelled with 60 MBq of technetium-99 tin colloid visualized using a gamma camera] was markedly slowed 8 h after the last meal. Mean body weight in rats on the restricted feeding schedule was 80% of the weight of free-feeding controls. Gastric emptying curves for all three meals in controls were best described using log, transformed counts. Other models used were linear and square root. For each of the three meals, the percentage remaining in the stomach at 120 min was estimated using linear regression of gastric contents, transformed if necessary to yield the best curve against time. At 120 min, % gastric contents (mean + SEM) were 19.5 +/- 5.6 (egg), 15.5 +/- 6.27 (glucose) and 27.1 +/- 7.48 (saline) in control rats. After 4 months restriction, the corresponding figures were 75.2 +/- 4.04, 81.5 +/- 4.75 and 70.3 +/- 5.83. After 3 months of free feeding, emptying rates of the three meals were not significantly different from control values. We conclude that dietary restriction causes profound changes in gastric emptying by unknown mechanisms which may be operating in patients with anorexia nervosa.
78 NAL Call No.: 447.8-Am3
Dissociation of paraventricular NPY release and plasma corticosterone levels in rats under
food deprivation.
Yoshihara, T.; Honma, S.; Katsuno, Y.; Honma, K. I. Am-j-physiol v.271(2,pt.1): p.E239-E245.
(1996 Aug.)
Includes references.
Abstract: Extracellular neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the vicinity of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) as well as NPY concentrations in the PVN were measured in rats under ad libitum feeding and 2-day and 10-day food deprivation. Plasma corticosterone levels were not changed by 2-day food deprivation but were increased by subsequent refeeding. In contrast, the extracellular NPY levels were increased by 2-day food deprivation and were decreased rapidly by refeeding. The NPY concentrations were also increased and increased further by refeeding. On the other hand, plasma corticosterone levels were elevated by 10-day food deprivation and were decreased by subsequent refeeding. The extracellular NPY levels were also increased by food deprivation and decreased gradually after refeeding. However, the postprandial levels were still elevated when plasma corticosterone levels were returned to the basal levels. The NPY concentrations were also increased and increased further by refeeding. The amount of food intake after refeeding was positively correlated with the extracellular NPY levels. It is concluded that extracellular NPY levels in the PVN do not necessarily covariate with plasma corticosterone levels in rats under food deprivation.
79 NAL Call No.: QL55.F43-1993
DNA fingerprinting of inbred and outbred strains of mice and rats as a genetic monitoring
tool.
Deeny, A. A.; Russell, R. J.; Johnson, A.; Jones, R. Welfare and science proceedings of the Fifth
Symposium of the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations, 8-11 June
1993, Brighton, UK / Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations
Symposium. London : Royal Society of Medicine Press, 1994.. p. 186-190.
Includes references.
Descriptors: mice; rats; dna-fingerprinting; inbred-strains; strain-differences; strains; dna-probes; storage-quality; sample-storage; genetic- contamination
80 NAL Call No.: QL55.F43-1993
Do rats prefer solid or gridded floors.
Manser, C. E.; Morris, T. H.; Broom, D. M. Welfare and science proceedings of the Fifth
Symposium of the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations, 8-11 June
1993, Brighton, UK / Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations
Symposium. London : Royal Society of Medicine Press, 1994.. p. 462-463.
Poster presentation at the symposium.
Descriptors: rats; floor-type; cages
81 NAL Call No.: QL55.F43-1993
Does autoclaving of the chow have an immunomodulating effect in NOD mice.
Herberg, L.; Partke, H. J.; Leiter, E. H. Welfare and science proceedings of the Fifth Symposium
of the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations, 8-11 June 1993,
Brighton, UK / Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations Symposium.
London : Royal Society of Medicine Press, 1994.. p. 419-421.
Poster presentation at the symposium.
Descriptors: mice; diabetes; familial-incidence; feeds; autoclaving; spf-husbandry; sex-differences
82 NAL Call No.: RC628.O294
Does thermoregulatory feeding occur in newborn infants? A novel view of the role of brown
adipose tissue thermogenesis in control of food intake.
Himms Hagen, J. Obes-res v.3(4): p.361-369. (1995 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: food-intake; heat-production; body-temperature; body-temperature-regulation;
adipose-tissue; neonates; rats
Abstract: The physiological significance of the extensive deposits of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in newborn human infants has been the subject of much experimentation and discussion. Because of its large thermogenic capacity, its function has usually been viewed as preparing the infant for producing heat in response to cold exposure at birth. Newborn infants are indeed capable of precise thermoregulation for a limited time over a rather limited range of ambient temperatures, from thermoneutrality (32-34 degrees C) down to common "room" temperatures (24-28 degrees C). During such mild "cold-exposure", in response to a decrease in their skin temperature, their sympathetic nervous system activity increases, and they can more than double their resting metabolic rate, principally by thermogenesis in their BAT. This review puts forward an entirely new role for BAT thermogenesis in the cyclic feeding pattern of newborn infants during their first months of life. BAT thermogenesis is proposed to be an integral element in a physiological thermoregulatory feeding control mechanism in which extended periods of very gradual cooling are interspersed with episodes of increased sympathetic nervous system activity, increased heating via BAT thermogenesis, arousal, and feeding. The cry with which the baby attracts its mother's attention is an integral part of the mechanism, as is the nutritive suckling reflex and the behavior of the mother. Initiation of feeding is attributed to a transient dip in blood glucose concentration that is due to stimulation of glucose utilization in the BAT. Termination of feeding is attributed to the high temperature brought about by the stimulated BAT thermogenesis. The duration of the urge to feed. temperature in newborn infants, and meals occur at fairly frequent intervals both day and night in infants that are fed on demand. These physiological mechanisms are consistent with the limited information on phenomena attending spontaneous feeding in the newborn human infant and with what is known about the physiological control of feeding in rats. In rats, thermoregulatory feeding is defined as a feeding episode that occurs during a transient but marked increase in sympathetic nervous system activity that has several consequences. It stimulates BAT thermogenesis and increases body temperature. It produces a transient decline in blood glucose concentration secondary to the increased uptake of glucose by the stimulated BAT; this signals the initiation of the feeding episode. Subsequently the high temperature induced by BAT thermogenesis signals termination of the feeding episode. The size of the meal is determined by the balance between the capacity for BAT thermogenesis (heat production) and ambient temperature (heat loss). BAT thermogenesis is here viewed as an integral part of a physiological feeding control mechanism that links thermal balance with energy balance. The phenomenon is referred to as thermoregulatory feeding to distinguish it from feeding originating from other causes. As applied to human infants, the thermoregulatory feeding hypothesis supports the current practice of "feeding-on-demand", i.e., entirely in accordance with the physiological oscillations in body temperature generated by the baby, determined by its thermal. implications for feeding premature infants housed in incubators, usually fed on schedule rather than on demand, requires investigation.
83 NAL Call No.: 410.9-P94
Duration of protection from reinfection following exposure to sialodacryoadenitis virus in
wistar rats.
Percy, D. H.; Bond, S. J.; Paturzo, F. X.; Bhatt, P. N. Lab-Anim-Sci v.40(2): p.144-149. ill. (1990
Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: rats; sialodacryoadenitis-virus; viral-diseases; disease-resistance; immunity;
reinfection; disease-transmission
Abstract: Wistar rats [CR1:(WI)BR] were inoculated intranasally with approximately 10(3) median mouse lethal infective doses of sialodacryoadenitis (SDA) virus. Animals were subsequently selected at random, removed to a separate isolation room, and reinfected with SDA virus at 3, 6, 9, 12 or 15 months. Pre- and postinoculation serum samples were collected from all animals during the course of the study and evaluated for antibody titers to SDA virus. All experimental, control and sentinel animals, following inoculation with SDA virus, were necropsied and examined for lesions consistent with SDA. Salivary gland lesions were minimal to absent in rats reinfected with SDA virus for up to 12 to 15 months after the initial exposure and minimal to moderate in the respiratory tract at 12 or 15 months. SDA-associated lesions were extensive in age matched control animals examined at each time period of reinfection with SDA virus. Thus, prior exposure to SDA virus did protect against the development of typical salivary gland lesions for up to 15 months. Recovered animals were evaluated for their ability to transmit the virus following reinfection. Rats reinfected at 6 or 9 months were infectious to their naive cage mates. The results indicate that reinfection with homologous rat coronavirus can occur as early as 6 months after the initial infection, and such rats can transmit the infection to contact controls.
84 NAL Call No.: QP141.A1A64
Effect of activation of the serotoninergic system during prolonged starvation on subsequent
caloric intake and macronutrient selection in the Zucker rat.
Duhault, J.; Lacour, F.; Espinal, J.; Rolland, Y. Appetite v.20(2): p.135-144. (1993 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: energy-intake; starvation; serotonin; appetite; food-preferences; macronutrients;
rats
Abstract: Starvation or dietary restriction are known to modify post-fasting dietary self-selection. We have examined the effects of activation of the serotoninergic system and food deprivation on macronutrient self-selection following a period of starvation. Rats were starved for 4 days and either treated or not with dl-fenfluramine or fluoxetine. Starved untreated animals showed a post-fasting anorexia and an increased preference for carbohydrate intake, even though lipids remained the preferred source of calories. Treatment with fenfluramine or fluoxetine increased post- fasting anorexia, abolished the preference for carbohydrates and decreased lipid intake. Fluoxetine, but not fenfluramine, resulted in decreased protein intake as well. Following a 2-day refeeding period ad libitum, during which the animals were not treated with drugs, the anorectic effect of fenfluramine disappeared but that of fluoxetine remained unchanged. In addition, we noted that at an equimolar dose to dl-fenfluramine (100 micromolar/kg/day) fluoxetine treatment resulted in the death of all the animals in the group by the second day of refeeding; no deaths were observed in any of the other groups. In conclusion, we confirm a post-starvation anorexia and increased carbohydrate intake following long- term fasting. In addition we show that activation of the serotoninergic system abolishes the increase in carbohydrate intake and potentiates post- starving anorexia.
85 NAL Call No.: 391.8-F73
Effect of acute administration of fish oil (omega-3 marine triglyceride) on gastric ulceration
and secretion induced by various ulcerogenic and necrotizing agents in rats.
Al Harbi, M. M.; Islam, M. W.; Al Shabanah, O. A.; Al Gharably, N. M. Food-chem-toxicol
v.33(7): p.553-558. (1995 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: fish-oils; gastric-juices; gastric-ulcer; inhibition
Abstract: The fish oil commercially known as Marine-25 (omega-3 marine triglyceride) is an eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-rich oil. It was investigated for its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and to protect the gastric mucosa against the injuries caused by pyloric ligation, non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs--aspirin and indomethacin), reserpine, hypothermic restraint stress and necrotizing agents [0.6 M HCl 0.2 M NaOH or 80% (v/v) aqueous ethanol]. The results showed that the fish oil, at a dose of 5 or 10 ml/kg body weight, provided significant protection in the various experimental models used. It produced a significant inhibition of gastric mucosal damage induced by pyloric ligation, NSAIDs, reserpine or hypothermic restraint ulcers. Fish oil also exerted a significant inhibitory action on gastric mucosal lesions produced by venous necrotizing agents. Our findings show that fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid possesses both antisecretory and antiulcerogenic effects.
86 NAL Call No.: 410.9-P94
Effect of bleeding site on clinical laboratory testing of rats: orbital venous plexus versus
posterior vena cava.
Dameron, G. W.; Weingand, K. W.; Duderstadt, J. M.; Odioso, L. W.; Dierkman, T. A.;
Schwecke, W.; Baran, K. Lab-Anim-Sci v.42(3): p.299-301. (1992 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: rats; blood-sampling; vena-cava; veins; laboratory-tests; blood-chemistry;
hematology; blood-coagulation
Abstract: We sought to determine if there were any, differences in the results of clinical laboratory tests between blood samples collected from the orbital venous plexus and the posterior vena cava of adult male rats. Thirty healthy adult male Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized by ether inhalation, and blood samples were collected successively from the orbital venous plexus (OVP) and the posterior vena cava (PVC) for hematologic (n = 10), serum chemistry (n = 10), and coagulation (n = 10) analyses. The prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times of samples from the OVP were prolonged (17% and 288%, respectively) when compared with samples from the PVC. Respective hematologic biases were as follows: red blood cell count (7%), hemoglobin (6%), hematocrit (5%), mean corpuscular volume (-3%), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (-1%), mean corpuscular hemoglobin content (1%), white blood cell count (13%), and platelet count (-7%). Respective serum chemistry biases were as follows: sorbitol dehydrogenase (-7%), glucose (-7%), blood urea nitrogen (-10%), creatinine (-2%), total protein (4%), albumin (2%), globulin (9%), alkaline phosphatase (5%), lactate dehydrogenase (-6%), aspartate aminotransferase (-5%), alanine aminotransferase (-2%), total bilirubin (0%), direct bilirubin (0%), magnesium (-17%), sodium (4%), potassium (0), chloride (4%), calcium (- 2%), phosphorous (-17%), cholesterol (3%), triglycerides (24%), creatinine kinase (-8%), 5'nucleotidase (0%), and total bile acids (4%). For hematologic testing, there were no biologically significant differences between samples collected from the OVP and PVC. The coagulation times and serum Mg and P showed biologically significant differences between samples collected from the OVP and PVC. We recommend that coagulation times not be measured on plasma samples collected from the OVP.
87 NAL Call No.: 389.8-J82
Effect of chronic selenite supplementation on selenium excretion and organ accumulation
in rats.
Janghorbani, M.; Rockway, S.; Mooers, C. S.; Roberts, E. M.; Ting, B. T. G.; Sitrin, M. D. J-Nutr v.120(3): p.274-279. (1990 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: diet; supplements; selenium; excretion; tissues; composition; rats
Abstract: We examined the effect of chronic selenite supplementation on whole body and selected organ selenium (Se) accumulation, urine excretion of total Se and trimethylselenonium ion, and Se balance in adult male rats. Animals were housed in metabolic cages and given either deionized water or water containing 4 microgram of Se/mL as selenite for 30 d. Absorption of selenite was nearly complete, with only approximately 10% of ingested Se appearing in feces. There was a rapid rise in urinary Se that reached a plateau within a few days and accounted for 54 +/- 2% of the intake. Excretion of trimethylselenonium ion (TMSe) in urine increased rapidly, representing 35-40% of urinary Se in the supplemented animals compared with only 2% for the control group. In one experiment, rats were killed at 30 d and total carcass Se was measured using isotope dilution analysis. Supplemented rats had only a modest increase in whole body Se (94 +/- 4 microgram Se vs. 66 +/- 3 in controls). Calculation of Se balance in the supplemented rats showed that approximately 35% of ingested Se could not be accounted for by urine plus fecal losses combined with the portion retained in the carcass. The results from this study demonstrate that under the condition of supplementation at 4 microgram of Se/mL of drinking water, pathways other than urinary and fecal excretion may account for a substantial portion of Se loss.
88 NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Effect of Clenbuterol on growth and body composition during food restriction in rats.
Cardoso, L. A.; Stock, M. J. J-anim-sci v.74(9): p.2245-2252. (1996 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: rats; clenbuterol; restricted-feeding; feed-intake; beta-adrenergic-agonists;
liveweight-gain; body-weight; feed-conversion; dressing- percentage; protein-content; water-content; body-composition; organs; weight; muscles; digestive-tract; growth-rate; fat-content
Abstract: Clenbuterol was administered as a dietary admixture (4 mg/kg diet) to three groups of male Wistar rats (n = 8) housed individually in metabolism cages and fed for 15 d at 110, 160, and 235% (ad libitum) of estimated requirement for energy maintenance. Untreated groups at each level of energy intake were also included. There was no effect of clenbuterol on food intake in the ad libitum group, but the drug produced significant increases in body weight, feed efficiency, and carcass weight, dressing and protein content at all three levels of energy intake. This effect of clenbuterol was particularly noticeable in the restricted animals. Clenbuterol caused changes in body composition (increased percentage of water and protein, decreased percentage of fat) in the ad libitum rats but had no effect in the restricted groups. The reduction in the growth of the viscera caused by energy restriction was not affected by clenbuterol, apart from in the 110% restricted group, where the gastrointestinal tract was 26% heavier in the clenbuterol-treated rats. The result, show that the growth anabolic actions of clenbuterol can be sustained and may be even more marked in rats fed restrictively than in those given ad libitum access to feed.
89 NAL Call No.: 59.8-C33
Effect of dietary cereal brans on body weight and blood lipids in a long-term rat
experiment.
Mongeau, R.; Brassard, R.; Malcolm, S.; Shah, B. G. Cereal-Chem v.68(5): p.448-453. (1991
Sept.-1991 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: oat-bran; hard-wheat; wheat-bran; maize-bran; experimental-diets; fiber-content;
growth-rate; blood-lipids; cholesterol; liveweight-gain; body-weight; sex-differences; high-density-lipoprotein; organs; weight; human-nutrition-research; rats; long-term-experiments;
dietary-fiber
90 NAL Call No.: QP141.A1N88
Effect of dietary cereal brans on the metabolim of calcium, phosphorous and magnesium in
a long term rat study.
Shah, B. G.; Malcolm, S.; Belonje, B.; Trick, K. D.; Brassard, R.; Mongeau, R. Nutr-Res v.10(9):
p.1015-1028. (1990 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: diet; cellulose; maize-bran; oat-bran; wheat-bran; mineral-metabolism; calcium;
phosphorus; magnesium; rats
Abstract: The effect of cereal brans on the mineral metabolism of rats was studied in a seven month long experiment. Seven groups (10 each) of male and female Sprague-Dawley weanling rats were fed ad lib for 7 weeks, diets containing cellulose, oat bran, hard red spring wheat bran, soft white wheat bran, corn bran and rodent lab chow at 4% or 14% total dietary fibre. In the seventh week (Phase 1) a mineral balance study was conducted on five randomly selected rats from each group. During week 8 these animals were killed and liver, heart, muscle and femur collected from each animal. The remaining animals were continued on the same diets for 21 more weeks. A second mineral balance study was carried out during week 24 (Phase 2) and the animals were killed during week 29 after colonic function tests during weeks 25-28. The diet, urine, feces and tissues were analysed for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, phytate (in diet and feces only) and trace elements. Results on macro-mineral elements indicated that the fractional absorption of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium by male and female rats was not significantly different (P less than or equal to 0.01). Absorption was affected by the level of the total mineral in the diet and not by the kind of fibre source. Variation in the digestibility of phytate was probably caused by the phytase activity in the bran rather than its phytate content. Digestibility during week 24 was less than during week 7 in most cases. The diets did not appreciably affect mineral levels in soft tissues and bone except the females in all purified diet groups showed severe nephrocalcinosis in both phases. Kidneys of males fed some diets showed mild calcification in phase 2. The absence of nephrocalcinosis in females fed the rat chow was associated with low levels of urinary phosphorus and also to the fluoride and high magnesium content of the chow.
91 NAL Call No.: QL55.F43-1993
Effect of dietary phosphorus level on mineral excretion: a comparison between
ovariectomized cats and rats.
Pastoor, F. J. H.; Klooster, A. Th. v.; Tintelen, G. v.; Opitz, R.; Mathot, J. N. J. J.; Beynen, A. C.
Welfare and science proceedings of the Fifth Symposium of the Federation of European
Laboratory Animal Science Associations, 8-11 June 1993, Brighton, UK / Federation of
European Laboratory Animal Science Associations Symposium. London : Royal Society of
Medicine Press, 1994.. p. 223-227.
Includes references.
Descriptors: cats; rats; ovariectomized-females; dietary-minerals; phosphorus; excretion;
calcium; magnesium; urine; ph; species-differences; mineral-absorption
92 NAL Call No.: 381-AR2
Effect of dietary restriction on the degradation of proteins in senescent mouse liver
parenchymal cells in culture.
Ishigami, A.; Goto, S. Arch-Biochem-Biophys v.283(2): p.362-366. (1990 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: fasting; food-deprivation; protein-degradation; liver-cells; aging; rats
Abstract: We previously reported that the half-life of protein degradation in cells from old mice is about 50% longer than that in cells from young or middle-aged ones. In the present study we investigated the degradation rate of microinjected proteins (horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and ovalbumin (OVA)) and pulse-labeled proteins in hepatocytes from dietary-restricted old mice. Dietary restriction was initiated when mice were 23 months of age and performed in two steps (first 80% and then 60% of the ad libitum intake), the total period being 70 days. Hepatocytes were isolated from mice fed a restricted diet and fed ad libitum. The half-lives of HRP, OVA, and pulse-labelled proteins in the hepatocytes from mice fed a restricted diet were about 40% shorter than those in the cells from mice fed ad libitum. These values were close to those in the cells of young animals. These results are discussed in relation to our previous findings that a similar regimen reduces the percentage of heat- labile enzymes accumulated in tissues of aged animals.
93 NAL Call No.: 448.8-J8293
Effect of food deprivation and altered thyroid status on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid
axis in the rat.
Blake, N. G.; Johnson, M. R.; Eckland, D. J. A.; Foster, O. J. F.; Lightman, S. L. J-Endocrinol
v.133(2): p.183-188. (1992 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: food-deprivation; triiodothyronine; feedback; thyrotropin; thyrotropin-releasing-hormone; messenger-rna; propylthiouracil; hyperthyroidism; hyperthyroidism; hypothalamus;
thyroid-gland; anterior-pituitary; interactions; rats; males
Abstract: Propylthiouracil (PTU) was administered to rats for different lengths of time with or without food deprivation on the last 2 days. Within 4 days of PTU treatment peripheral 3,5,3'-tri-iodothyronine (T3) fell to low levels and beta-subunit of thyroid-stimulating hormone (beta-TSH) mRNA increased significantly in the anterior pituitary. Pro-thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (pro-TRH) mRNA in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) increased significantly in the control group of animals by 8 days and in the food-deprived group by day 12; the increment of pro-TRH mRNA in the food-deprived group on day 12 was significantly less than that in the control group. In a second study, animals were treated with intraperitoneal injections of T3 with or without the food deprivation. After 4 days of T3 treatment, peripheral T3 levels were markedly increased and pro-TRH mRNA in the PVN and beta-TSH mRNA in the anterior pituitary were significantly reduced. Food deprivation had no additional suppressive effect. These studies confirm that the predominant effect of food deprivation on the thyroid axis is at the hypothalamic or suprahypothalamic level and that it can, at least in part, overcome the increase in TRH mRNA due to diminished T3 feedback.
94 NAL Call No.: QP801.H7H65
Effect of food deprivation on the pulsatile LH release in the cycling and ovariectomized
female rat.
Cagampang, F. R. A.; Maeda, K. I.; Yokoyama, A.; Ota, K. Horm-Metab-Res-Horm-Stoffwechselforschung-Horm-Metab v.22(5): p.269-272. (1990 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: food-restriction; rats; female-animals; lhrh; ovariectomy; body-weight; blood-glucose
95 NAL Call No.: 447.8-AM3
Effect of food restriction on hyperoxia-induced lung injury in preterm guinea pig.
Langley, S. C.; Kelly, F. J. Am-J-Physiol v.263(3,pt.1): p.L357-L362. (1992 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: undernutrition; food-restriction; hyperoxia; oxygen; glutathione; antioxidants;
enzyme-activity; prematurity; mortality; lungs; damage; guinea-pigs; newborn-animals
Abstract: Effect of food restriction on hyperoxia-induced lung injury in preterm guinea pig. Am. J. Physiol. 263 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 7): L357- L362, 1992. Undernutrition may exacerbate hyperoxia-induced lung injury, a finding that may be of significance in the early clinical management of the premature human infant. Addressing this specific problem, we found that 72 h of food restriction in guinea pig pups delivered 3 days preterm increased mortality rates among pups exposed to 95% oxygen (8/18) and yet had no effect on 21% oxygen (air)- exposed pups (0/10). Reduced tolerance of hyperoxic conditions was not, however, associated with increased lung injury, assessed as pulmonary microvascular leakage. Pulmonary antioxidant enzyme activities [Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), Mn SOD, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase] were unaltered by starvation or hyperoxia. Lung glutathione concentration was slightly decreased after food restriction, whereas hyperoxic exposure did not change either lung or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid glutathione concentrations or lung antioxidant enzyme activities. Increased susceptibility to the lethal effects of oxygen in the starved preterm guinea pig pup could not be attributed to a deficiency of pulmonary antioxidant defenses.
96 NAL Call No.: TX341.H85
Effect of genetic and dietary obesity on sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium
handling by the rat.
Fernandez Lopez, J. A.; Rafecas, I.; Esteve, M.; Remesar, X.; Alemany, M. Int-j-food-sci-nutr
v.45(3): p.191-201. (1994 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: obesity; diet; genetics; mineral-metabolism; sodium; potassium; calcium;
magnesium; rats
97 NAL Call No.: QP141.A1N88
Effect of genetic and dietary obesity on sulphur management by the rat.
Fernandez Lopez, J. A.; Rafecas, I.; Esteve, M.; Remesar, X.; Alemany, M. Nutr-res v.13(7):
p.825-830. (1993 July)
Includes