Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of PoultryProvided by the Animal Welfare
Information Center
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Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Poultry
January 1991 - January 1994
QB 94-15
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please include in all copies, the information provided in these bulletins. Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Poultry
January 1991 - January 1994
Quick Bibliography Series: QB 94-15
Updates QB 91-01, QB 91-02, and QB 91-03
311 citations in English from AGRICOLA
Michael D. Kreger
Animal Welfare Information Center
March 1994 National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:
Kreger, Michael D.
Housing, husbandry, and welfare of poultry.
(Quick bibliography series ; 94-15)
1. Poultry--Bibliography. 2. Poultry--Housing--Bibliography. 3. Animal
welfare--Bibliography. I. Title.
aZ5071.N3 no.94-15
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AGRICOLA
Citations in this bibliography were entered in the AGRICOLA database between
January 1979 and the present.
SAMPLE CITATIONS
Citations in this bibliography are from the National Agricultural Library's
AGRICOLA database. An explanation of sample journal article, book, and
audiovisual citations appears below.
JOURNAL ARTICLE:
Citation # NAL Call No.
Article title.
Author. Place of publication: Publisher. Journal Title.
Date. Volume (Issue). Pages. (NAL Call Number).
Example:
1 NAL Call No.: DNAL 389.8.SCH6
Morrison, S.B. Denver, Colo.: American School Food Service
Association. School foodservice journal. Sept 1987. v. 41
(8). p.48-50. ill.
BOOK:
Citation # NAL Call Number
Title.
Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date. Information
on pagination, indices, or bibliographies.
Example:
1 NAL Call No.: DNAL RM218.K36 1987
Exploring careers in dietetics and nutrition.
Kane, June Kozak. New York: Rosen Pub. Group, 1987.
Includes index. xii, 133 p.: ill.; 22 cm. Bibliography:
p. 126.
AUDIOVISUAL:
Citation # NAL Call Number
Title.
Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date.
Supplemental information such as funding. Media format
(i.e., videocassette): Description (sound, color, size).
Example:
1 NAL Call No.: DNAL FNCTX364.A425 F&N AV
All aboard the nutri-train.
Mayo, Cynthia. Richmond, Va.: Richmond Public Schools,
1981. NET funded. Activity packet prepared by Cynthia
Mayo. 1 videocassette (30 min.): sd., col.; 3/4 in. +
activity packet. Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Poultry
January 1991 - January 1994
SEARCH STRATEGY
Line Command
1. (HEN OR HENS OR FOWL OR POULTRY OR CHICK? OR COCK? OR ROOSTER? OR
FRYER? OR BROILER? OR GALLIFORM? OR TURKEY? OR DUCK? OR GOOSE OR GANDER
OR GEESE OR DRAKE?)/TI,DE
2. HOUS? OR FACILIT? OR CAGE? OR COOP OR PERCH? OR CONFINE? OR PEN OR PENS
3. WELFARE OR WELL(N)BEING OR WELLBEING OR HUMANE OR HANDL? OR CARE OR
STRESS? OR HUSBANDRY
4. S1 AND S2 AND PY=1991:1994
5. S1 AND S3 AND PY=1991:1994
6. S4 OR S5
7. S6 AND LA=ENGLISH
8. RD S7
Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Poultry
1 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AV5
Acute toxicity of boric acid and boron tissue residues after chronic exposure
in broiler chickens.
Sander, J.E.; Dufour, L.; Wyatt, R.D.; Bush, P.B.; Page, R.K.
Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian Pathologists; 1991 Oct.
Avian diseases v. 35 (4): p. 745-749; 1991 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Chicks; Broilers; Boric acid; Boron; Toxicity; Insecticide
residues; Animal tissues; Symptoms; Oral administration; Litter; Feeds; Lethal
dose
Abstract: The acute oral mean lethal dose of boric acid in 1-day-old chickens
was found to be 2.95 +/- 0.35 g/kg of body weight, which classifies this
product as only slightly toxic to chickens. One-day-old broiler chicks were
housed in floor pens in which litter had been treated with 0, 0.9, 3.6, or 7.2
kg of boric acid per 9.9 m2 of floor space. Boron residue levels in brain,
kidney, liver, and white muscle were not statistically elevated following a
15-day exposure period. Boron residue levels in the same types of tissue were
not significantly elevated in chicks fed 500 ppm or 1250 ppm boric acid in
feed ad libitum for 3 weeks; however, residues were significantly higher in
chicks fed 2500 ppm or 5000 ppm boric acid. These data indicate that broilers
grown on boric acid-treated litter do not consume enough boric acid to cause
elevated boron levels in tissues.
2 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
Age-related changes in egg production, fertility, embryonic mortality, and
hatchability in commercial turkey flocks.
Lerner, S.P.; French, N.; Mcintyre, D.; Baxter-Jones, C.
Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Jun.
Poultry science v. 72 (6): p. 1025-1039; 1993 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Turkeys; Turkey egg production; Laying performance; Turkey egg
hatchability; Egg quality; Embryo mortality; Egg clutches; Rhinotracheitis;
Incubation; Weight losses
Abstract: Factors affecting production of Large White turkey hens were
examined. Six flocks (n = 136 to 149 hens per flock) were housed at commercial
facilities in the United States and two flocks (n = 40 hens per flock) were
housed at commercial facilities in the United Kingdom (UK). Effects of
time-in-lay on egg production and duration of clutches and pauses were
determined using all flocks. Also, effects of time-in-lay, molt, and
characteristics of individual eggs (size, sequence position, grade, and
incubational weight loss) on fertility, hatchability, and embryonic mortality
were determined using the UK flocks. Each flock showed a distinctive pattern
of production; it increased initially to a peak and decreased thereafter.
Average duration of clutches and of pauses were correlated positively and
negatively, respectively, with hen-day egg production. As production declined
toward the latter half of lay, a greater proportion of short clutches and,
therefore, of first-of-clutch eggs were laid. During the course of the first
cycle of lay, eggs became larger and a greater proportion were of low grade.
Fertility and hatchability increased initially then decreased. Effects of
time-in-lay differed after a forced molt. Egg size changed only slightly with
time in the second cycle, and fertility and hatchability were greater in the
second cycle than in the first cycle. In both cycles, sequence position
affected grade (first-of-sequence eggs were of lower grade compared with eggs
laid subsequently), and grade influenced percentage weight loss, fertility,
hatchability, and embryonic mortality. The results of this study support
selection of hens based on duration of clutches. In addition, the single most
significant preincubational variable for predicting hatchability was grade of
the egg.
3 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Air contaminant distributions in a commercial laying house.
Maghirang, R.G.; Manbeck, H.B.; Roush, W.B.; Muir, F.V.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Sep.
Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (5): p. 2171-2180; 1991 Sep. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pennsylvania; Poultry housing; Air pollution; Air quality; Air
temperature; Ammonia; Carbon dioxide; Contaminants; Dust; Lighting; Spatial
distribution; Ventilation
Abstract: Total particle counts (TPC), carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, ammonia
(NH3) levels, and room air temperature were monitored in a commercial cage
laying house in Pennsylvania. The inlet and the exhaust were monitored for
24-h periods once a week from July 1989 to February 1990 while six other
sampling locations in the house were monitored for 24-h periods once each six
weeks. At each sampling location, air contaminant levels were measured at the
alley and at each of the four cage decks. Results showed that more than 99%
and 97% of total particles were smaller than 10.0 and 5.0 micromole in
diameter, respectively. TPC, CO2 levels, NH3 levels, and air temperature
exhibited day-to-day variations but bird age effect was not significant. Mean
daily TPC, CO2 levels, NH3 levels, and temperature ranged from 18 to 103
particles/mL, 553 to 4424 ppm, 9 to 54 ppm, and 17 degrees to 30 degrees C,
respectively. Overall air quality was observed to be poorer at locations most
distant from the exhaust fans. There were significant differences among
locations in NH3 levels and temperature but there were no significant
differences in TPCs and CO2 levels. Ventilation rate appeared to be the most
important factor influencing indoor air quality. Mean TPCs were significantly
higher while mean CO2 and NH3 levels were significantly lower in hot weather
than in cold weather. CO2 levels and NH3 levels were highly correlated but
there was little correlation between TPCs and the levels of CO2, NH3, or air
temperature.
4 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Air hygiene in a pullet house: effects of air filtration on aerial pollutants
measured in vivo and in vitro.
Wathes, C.M.; Johnson, H.E.; Carpenter, G.A.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1991 Mar.
British poultry science v. 32 (1): p. 31-46; 1991 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pullets; Chicken housing; Air pollution; Air filters; Hygiene;
Airborne infection; Fungi; Bacteria; Lungs; Sampling
5 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Algorithms for microcomputer control of the environment of a production
broiler house.
Allison, J.M.; White, J.M.; Worley, J.W.; Kay, F.W.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Jan.
Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (1): p. 313-320; 1991 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Poultry housing; Environmental control; Algorithms; Computer software; Mathematical models; Relative humidity; Temperature
Abstract: A microcomputer-based system to control the environment of a
commercial broiler house was developed and tested. The system was installed in
an existing, totally enclosed, commercial production broiler house.
Environmental control was provided by a microcomputer for the 51 day grow-out
period. This article describes the algorithms used to control the environment.
The environmental conditions produced are compared to those in an adjacent
house with conventional controls.
6 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Alleviation of acute heat stress by food withdrawal or darkness.
Francis, C.A.; Macleod, M.G.; Anderson, J.E.M.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1991 Mar.
British poultry science v. 32 (1): p. 219-225; 1991 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Light regime; Dark; Fasting; Dietary protein; Body temperature; Feed intake; Heat production
7 NAL Call. No.: HV4761.A5
Alternative systems for laying hens FAWC majority and minority reports.
Harrison, R.
Washington, D.C. : The Institute; 1992.
The Animal Welfare Institute quarterly v. 41 (2): p. 14; 1992. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hens; Animal welfare; Chicken housing
8 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AU72
Analgesic therapy of beak-trimmed chickens.
Glatz, P.C.; Murphy, L.B.; Preston, A.P.
Brunswick, Victoria : Australian Veterinary Association; 1992 Jan.
Australian veterinary journal v. 69 (1): p. 18; 1992 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Fowls; Debeaking; Analgesics; Animal welfare; Feed intake
9 NAL Call. No.: KF27.A33277 1990f
Animal research facilities protection joint hearing before the Subcommittee on
Department Operations, Research, and Foreign Agriculture and the Subcommittee
on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry of the Committee on Agriculture, House of
Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, second session, February 28,
1990.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on
Department Operations, Research, and Foreign Agriculture; United States,
Congress, House, Committee on Agriculture, Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy,
and Poultry
Washington [D.C.] : U.S. G.P.O. : For sale by the Supt. of Docs.,
Congressional Sales Office, U.S. G.P.O.,; 1991; Y 4.Ag 8/1:101-52.
iv, 176 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. Distributed to some depository libraries in
microfiche. Serial no. 101-52.
Language: English
Descriptors: Criminal procedure; Laboratories; Animal welfare; Laboratory
animals
10 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Anticoccidial efficacy and chicken toleration of potent new polyether
ionophores. 2. The portmicin relative CP-84,657.
Ricketts, A.P.; Dirlam, J.P.; Shively, J.E.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Oct.
Poultry science v. 71 (10): p. 1631-1636; 1992 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Broilers; Eimeria; Coccidiostats; Coccidiosis; Ionophores; Lesions; Liveweight gain; Dosage effects; Feed conversion
Abstract: The current study investigated the anticoccidial activity of the ionophore CP-84,657 against laboratory strains of the five major pathogenic species of Eimeria that infect poultry. Based on lesion scores and weight gain, the ionophore CP-84,657 achieved broad-spectrum anticoccidial efficacy in battery trials at doses of 4 and 5 ppm that was equivalent to reference commercial ionophores. In uninfected chickens, 4 ppm of CP-84,657 was the highest dose that gave growth rate and feed efficiency equivalent to commercial agents over 21 days in batteries and 49 days in floor pens. Ionophore CP-84,657 is an efficacious, well-tolerated anticoccidial in chickens, with potency comparable to that of the most potent known ionophores.
11 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Anticoccidial efficacy and chicken toleration of potent new polyether
lonophores. 1. The septamycin relative CP-82,009.
Ricketts, A.P.; Dirlam, J.P.; Shively, J.E.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Oct.
Poultry science v. 71 (10): p. 1626-1630; 1992 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Broilers; Coccidiosis; Coccidiostats; Ionophores; Eimeria; Liveweight gain; Feed conversion; Dosage effects; Lesions
Abstract: The anticoccidial activity of the ionophore CP-82,009 against
laboratory isolates of four major species of poultry Eimeria was investigated.
Parameters of anticoccidial efficacy that were evaluated were control of
lesions and weight suppression. At 4 and 5 ppm, CP-82,009 demonstrated
broad-spectrum anticoccidial efficacy in battery trials that was equivalent to
reference commercial ionophores. When CP-82,009 was fed to uninfected broiler
chickens at efficacious dose levels, growth rate and feed efficiency were
found to be equivalent to commercial agents over a 21-day period in batteries
and over a 49-day period in floor pens. From the present studies, it appears
that CP-82,009 is an efficacious anticoccidial that is well tolerated by
chickens, and that it ranks among the most potent anticoccidial ionophores
described to date.
12 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Applications of behavior to poultry management.
Mauldin, J.M.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Apr.
Poultry science v. 71 (4): p. 634-642; 1992 Apr. Paper contributed to the
Symposium on Quantifying the Behavior of Poultry. Literature review.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Fowls; Social dominance; Territoriality; Agonistic behavior;
Debeaking; Sexual behavior; Feeding behavior; Broodiness; Turkeys; Poultry
housing; Animal welfare; Literature reviews
Abstract: The application of poultry behavior to management is discussed with examples of behavior-management interactions relating to commercial poultry husbandry practices. Behaviors that are important for the adaptation of poultry to husbandry include social behavior, aggression, sexual behavior, feeding, broodiness, cannibalism, nest site selection, and comfort behaviors.
13 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Artificial lighting in poultry houses: are photometric units appropriate for
describing illumination intensities?.
Nuboer, J.F.W.; Coemans, M.A.J.M.; Vos, J.J.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar.
British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 135-140; 1992 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Poultry housing; Light intensity; Spectral data
14 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Artificial lighting in poultry houses: do hens perceive the modulation of
fluorescent lamps as flicker?.
Nuboer, J.F.W.; Coemans, M.A.J.M.; Vos, J.J.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar.
British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 123-133; 1992 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hens; Fluorescent lamps; Vision
15 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Attenuation of the domestic chick's fear of human beings via regular handling:
in search of a sensitive period.
Jones, R.B.; Waddington, D.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Apr.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (2/3): p. 185-195; 1993 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Chicks; Fearfulness; Man
16 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Barley inclusion and avoparcin supplementation in broiler diets. 2. Clinical,
pathological, and bacteriological findings in a mild form of necrotic
enteritis.
Kaldhusdal, M.; Hofshagen, M.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jul.
Poultry science v. 71 (7): p. 1145-1153; 1992 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Broilers; Clostridium perfringens; Coliform bacteria; Intestinal
mucosa; Lesions; Small intestine; Bacterial count; Enteritis; Avoparcin;
Barley
Abstract: The clinical, pathological, and bacteriological findings of a mild
form of necrotic enteritis (NE) in broiler chickens are presented. The term
subclinical NE (SNE) is proposed for this condition. A diagnosis of SNE was
based on the detection of macroscopically visible, focal necrotic lesions in
the small intestinal mucosa. The ileal gut contents from SNE birds yielded
increased numbers of Clostridium perfringens and reduced numbers of coliform
bacteria. Reduced numbers of lactobacilli and streptococci were detected in
birds from SNE pens and coccidial oocysts were not found in the rectal
contents of SNE birds. Statistical analyses showed strong correlations between
SNE and increased feed conversion ratio and retarded growth rate. An increased
occurrence of SNE was observed in birds on a diet containing a large amount of
barley.
17 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Beak trimming and sex effects on behavior and performance traits of Large
White turkeys.
Cunningham, D.L.; Buhr, R.J.; Mamputu, M.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Oct.
Poultry science v. 71 (10): p. 1606-1614; 1992 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Turkeys; Debeaking; Sex differences; Feeding behavior; Feed
intake; Feed conversion; Body weight; Social behavior
Abstract: The effects of beak trimming at day old on performance and behavioral activities of male and female Large White turkeys were evaluated. One hundred and twenty poults of each sex were evenly assigned to 20 treatment pens and evaluated for body weight, feed usage, and livability characteristics to 18 wk of age. Behavioral observations were conducted for feeding, drinking, sleeping, huddling, resting, and agonistic activities. Beak trimming affected body weight and feed usage levels for the sexes differently. From 6 wk, trimmed males were significantly heavier than untrimmed males, whereas untrimmed females were heavier than trimmed females from 12 wk. Similar to body weights, feed usage levels from 13 to 18 wk were higher for trimmed males compared with untrimmed males and lower for trimmed females compared with untrimmed females. Feed conversion ratios after 12 wk and survival to 18 wk were not affected by trimming treatment. Livability rates, however, were lowest for untrimmed males and highest for untrimmed females. Effects on behavioral activities were confined primarily to the brooding and early rearing phases. Beak trimming reduced feeding activity of females and drinking activity of both males and females during the first 2 wk. Sleeping, huddling, and resting activities were increased by beak trimming for both sexes during brooding, Agonistic acts were reduced by beak trimming main effect at 3 and 6 wk. Trimmed males committed fewer agonistic acts at 6 wk than untrimmed males.
18 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Beak trimming effects on behavior patterns, fearfulness, feathering, and
mortality, among three stocks of white Leghorn pullets in cages or floor pens.
Lee, H.Y.; Craig, J.V.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1991 Feb.
Poultry science v. 70 (2): p. 211-221; 1991 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pullets; Aggressive behavior; Battery cages; Debeaking; Beak;
Strain differences; Body weight; Liveweight gain; Fearfulness; Poultry
housing; Mortality; Feeding behavior
Abstract: White Leghorn pullets of the Y1, Y2, and North Central Randombred (NCR) experimental stocks were used. Half of the birds of each stock had half of the upper and less of the lower mandible removed at 4 wk of age by making a V-shaped cut as viewed from the side (BT), whereas the other half retained their beaks intact (IN). Pullets were moved from growing pens to a layer house at 18 wk of age. Seventy-two cages and 30 floor pens were filled with 6 and 20 birds per unit, respectively. Pullets within a cage or floor pen were all of the same genetic stock and beak treatment. All measurements were performed within 10 wk after housing, except for mortality in cages. When kept in cages, genetic stocks did not show behavioral differences. However, in floor pens, stock differences were detected in feeding, crouching, and nonaggressive pecking. When kept in cages, the stocks also differed in 24-wk body weight, weight gain from 18 to 24 wk, and certain measures of fearfulness in both cages and pens, and in feather condition at 21 and 22 wk. Mortality from cannibalism and hen-days survival of caged IN pullets differed among genetic stocks. Mortality from cannibalism was absent among pullets kept in experimental floor pens. In cages, BT pullets were less active, gained less weight, and had lower incidence of cannibalism than IN pullets. Also, BT pullets were less nervous and had better feather condition than IN pullets. However, trimming beaks to prevent cannibalism was less effective in NCR pullets than in Y1 or Y2 pullets. In floor pens, BT pullets showed less activity and reduce feeding frequency and less fearfulness as indicated by duration of induced tonic immobility. Agonistic behaviors were not different between BT and IN pullets. From these results, beak trimming could be interpreted as having either stressful or stress-alleviating effects, depending on the criteria used. However, proper beak trimming appears beneficial when cannibalistic pecking is likely to be a proble
19 NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
Beak trimming effects on performance, behavior and welfare of chickens: A
review.
Cunningham, D.L.
Athens, Ga. : Applied Poultry Science, Inc; 1992 Mar.
Journal of applied poultry research v. 1 (1): p. 129-134; 1992 Mar.
Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Fowls; Debeaking; Animal welfare; Animal behavior; Literature
reviews
20 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Behavior, production, and well-being of the laying hen. 2. Individual
variation and relationships of behavior to production and physical condition.
Webster, A.B.; Hurnik, J.F.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1991 Mar.
Poultry science v. 70 (3): p. 421-428; 1991 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hens; Egg production; Animal behavior; Battery cages; Body
condition; Activity; Plumage; Heritability
Abstract: Variation of behavior among hens and the relationships of behavior to measures of production and physical condition were investigated. The birds were 384 pullets from the mating of two stocks of males, obtained from a commercial breeder, to females from a third flock. The birds were housed as pairs in laying cages at 22 and 20 wk of age (Hatches 1 and 2, respectively). The laying phase was divided into 28-day periods. In Periods 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11, samples of hens were video recorded for 8 h. In Period 13, direct visual observations were made of the behavior of individually identified hens. Eleven production-related variables were recorded throughout the laying phase. Feather scores were assessed in Periods 3, 6, 9, and 12. Body weight, lesions to the feet, and claw length were recorded in Periods 6 and 13. Spearman rank correlations were calculated between video-recorded behavioral variables and measures of production and physical condition. The data from direct visual observations were used for heritability estimates of behavioral traits. Eating and standing were positively correlated with egg production, whereas sitting and, for hens derived from male parental Stock 1, resting were negatively correlated with production. Inactivity also coincided with poorer plumage condition and higher body weight. For the offspring of male parental Stock 2, behavioral actions frequently performed in stereotyped manner, e.g., cage pecking and toe pecking, were positively associated with egg production. No significant additive genetic variation for behavior was evident among sires; however, for dams, fairly large heritability estimates occurred for a number of behavioral states. The apparent absence of additive genetic variability among sires for behavior may have been due to genetic fixation at gene loci which control behavior in the stocks acquired from the commercial breeder.
21 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Behavioral correlates of male mating success in a multisire flock as
determined by DNA fingerprinting.
Jones, M.E.J.; Mench, J.A.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1991 Jul.
Poultry science v. 70 (7): p. 1493-1498; 1991 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cocks; Male fertility; Social dominance; Dna fingerprinting;
Paternity; Breed differences; Mating frequency
Abstract: The fertility of an individual rooster within a multi-sire flock may be influenced by a number of behavioral considerations, including frequency and timing of matings and the male's position in the social dominance hierarchy. The relationship between behavior and fertility has proven difficult to assess, however, because there are a limited number of heritable morphological traits that can be used to determine paternity. The objectives of the present study were to use DNA fingerprinting to determine paternity in domestic fowl and to assess some behavioral and physiological correlates of mating success. Sixty day-old chicks from each of two commercial breeds, DeKalb White Leghorn (L) and Warren Color-Sexed (W), were reared in either same-breed or mixed-breed groups. At 43 wk of age, all females and six randomly selected males were mixed into one large pen. Male aggressive and mating behaviors were recorded over a 4-mo period. Fertility of individual sires was determined by DNA fingerprinting and pedigree analysis of chicks. Dominance rank and the frequencies of both completed matings and mating attempts were positively correlated with fertility (P<.01). In addition, wing flapping was correlated with both dominance (P<.001) and fertility (P<.05). There was no correlation between fertility and plasma testosterone. There were breed effects on dominance status, with W dominating L. Multiple paternity was demonstrated in 4 out of 10 families by DNA fingerprinting. The present study is the first one to demonstrate a correlation between dominance and fertility in a flock containing several males of the same breed and morphology.
22 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
Behavioral responses of broiler chickens to handling: effects of dietary
tryptophan and two lighting regimens.
Newberry, R.C.; Blair, R.
Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Jul.
Poultry science v. 72 (7): p. 1237-1244; 1993 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Broilers; Diet; Tryptophan; Light regime; Fearfulness; Animal
welfare; Carcass quality; Dosage effects
Abstract: In three 2 X 2 factorial experiments, effects of added dietary Trp (0 or .2%, Experiments 1 and 2; 0 or .4%, Experiment 3) and two lighting regimens [1) constant 23-h photoperiod (23H); or 2) increasing photoperiod (INC)] on behavioral responses of broilers to handling were assessed. In Week 6 of Experiment 1, and Weeks 3 and 6 of Experiments 2 and 3, 32 chickens from each treatment were picked up and held by both legs for 30 s, carried for 60 s, and induced into tonic immobility (TI). In aU experiments, chickens reared under INC were more likely to flap when carried, and flapped longer, than chickens reared under 23H (P < .01). In Experiments 2 and 3, INC chickens were more likely to curl the body ventrally when handled and were more susceptible to TI induction than 23H chickens (P < .05). The duration of TI was shorter on INC than 23H in Experiment 2 (P < .05), and longer in Experiment 3 (P < .001). Dietary Trp supplementation resulted in a lower flapping duration and higher incidence of body curling in Experiment 2 (P < .05), and a shorter TI duration in Experiment 3 (P < .05). Flapping, body curling, and TI responses of chickens varied between handlers (P < .05). Vocalization and flapping rates were lower, and flapping incidence and duration of flapping and TI higher, in Week 6 than in Week 3 (P < .05). Chickens reared under INC may be at greater risk of injury during reslaughter handling than chickens reared under 23H. Addition of .4% Trp to the diet may have a mild fear-reducing effect.
23 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Behavioral responses of hens to simulated dawn and dusk periods.
Tanaka, T.; Hurnik, J.F.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1991 Mar.
Poultry science v. 70 (3): p. 483-488. ill; 1991 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hens; Light regime; Activity; Battery cages; Aviaries; Animal
behavior; Animal welfare
Abstract: Behavioral responses to caged (3 birds by 6 cages) and aviary (437 birds) hens to sudden (S) and gradual (G) changes in illumination were recorded using an infrared camera. They were observed from 2 days before the change from S to G, to 7 days after the change. Each observation period commenced 30 min before the start or the end of the light period and ended 30 min after. In the battery cages, the number of birds standing increased gradually before the light period in both conditions. The number of birds eating peaked during the simulated dawn and dusk periods. Almost all birds (94%) were still standing during the 1st min of complete darkness under the S condition, but half of them (47%) were already sitting at the same time under the G condition. In the aviary, just after the S change from dark to light, the number of birds changing positions (between floors, etc.) increased sharply, but under the G condition the number increased gradually during the dawn period. The number of birds changing positions decreased immediately after the S change from light to dark, but some birds (2 to 3%) were active shortly before the end of the observation period. However, most of the birds moved toward the resting site during the dusk period, and only a few birds (<1%) were active 10 min after complete darkness. These differences were statistically significant (P<.05). The results of the present study indicate that a gradual change in illumination could be more comfortable for the birds.
24 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Behavior-genetic analysis and poultry husbandry.
Siegel, P.B.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1993 Jan.
Poultry science v. 72 (1): p. 1-6; 1993 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Fowls; Domestication; Animal welfare; Genetic improvement; Adaptability; Animal behavior; Vocalization; Genetic variation
Abstract: Domestication, one of the great innovations in human history, has
had a profound effect on agriculture and the development of urban societies.
Domestication is a continuing genetic process through which anatomy, behavior,
and physiology are modified to suit specific needs. In poultry, the process
has accelerated during the past several decades because of increased selection
pressure and development of specialized male and female lines in breeding
programs. Large changes have also occurred in the intensification of
environments in which poultry are maintained. Such intensification is a
function of escalation of land, energy, and labor costs. Whether the rate of
change of these nongenetic factors is faster than biological change is an
important issue in the consideration of behavior-genetic analyses and poultry
husbandry. Complex behavioral, genetic, and physiological responses are
involved in the buffering necessary for animals to cope with changes in their
physical and social environments. Knowledge of behavioral range and genetic
variation of short- and long-term responses is essential to understanding how
poultry adapt. Although innate behaviors and habituation can prevent some
stimuli from causing manifestations that detract from well-being, husbandry
conditions should optimize behavioral responses with biological advantages to
individuals and populations.
25 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Behaviour and production of laying hens in three prototypes of cages
incorporating nests.
Sherwin, C.M.; Nicol, C.J.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Oct.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 35 (1): p. 41-54; 1992 Oct. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hens; Nesting; Cages
26 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Bone strength of caged layers as affected by dietary calcium and phosphorus
concentrations, reconditioning, and ash content.
Wilson, J.H.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1991 Jul.
British poultry science v. 32 (3): p. 501-508; 1991 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hens; Bone strength; Radius; Bone ash; Shear strength; Body
weight; Stress; Bone density
27 NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322
Breeder flock study shows salmonella-causing factors.
Jones, F.T.
Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Co; 1992 Mar16.
Feedstuffs v. 64 (11): p. 1, 22-23; 1992 Mar16. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Salmonella; Broilers; Contamination; Flocks; Disease control;
Animal health; Stress
28 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 AL13P
Broiler production.
Purser, J.
Fairbanks, Alaska : The Service; 1991 Dec.
Publication - University of Alaska, Cooperative Extension Service v.): 2 p.;
1991 Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Alaska; Broiler production; Chicks; Breeds; Chicken housing;
Equipment; Cost benefit analysis
29 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Broiler production under varying population densities.
Cravener, T.L.; Roush, W.B.; Mashally, M.M.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Mar.
Poultry science v. 71 (3): p. 427-433; 1992 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Broilers; Stocking density; Body weight; Carcass quality; Feed
conversion; Carcass weight; Stress; Profitability
Abstract: The influence of population density on the growth performance and
sum level of Hubbard X Hubbard chicks of equally mixed sex was studied. Six
hundred and sixteen birds were housed under .05,.07,.09, or.11 m2 per bird
(four replicates per density) from 0 to 7 wk. There were no treatment effects
on feed conversion at 6 or 7 wk. Birds housed at .07, .09, and .11 m2 per bird
had similar 7 wk BW and carcass weights, all significantly higher than birds
housed at .05 m2 per bird. Under .05 m2 per bird, a higher percentage of
breast blisters and ammonia burns (30%) was observed than at other densities.
The 7-wk heterophil to lymphocyte ratios of birds raised at .09 and .11 m2 per
bird (.42 and .45) were significantly higher than those at .05 and .07 m2 per
bird (.28 and .30). Lowered BW and decreased carcass quality of birds raised
it .05 m2 per bird suggested that these birds were stressed. However, decision
analysis of economic potential indicated that the optimum profit potential per
square meter was .05 m2 per bird for Maximax and Equally Likely decisions and
.07 m2 per bird for the Maximin decision.
30 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Calcium and phosphorus metabolism and eggshell formation of hens fed different
amounts of calcium.
Clunies, M.; Parks, D.; Leeson, S.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Mar.
Poultry science v. 71 (3): p. 482-489; 1992 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hens; Calcium; Mineral metabolism; Phosphorus; Bone
mineralization; Egg shell formation; Feed intake; Retention; Egg production;
Egg shell quality; Mineral nutrition
Abstract: Twenty-seven 42-wk-old Single Comb White Leghorn hens housed in separate cages were fed either 2.5, 3.5, or 4.5% Ca diets, each providing .45% available P. Birds were allowed a 7-day adaption period followed by an 8-day collection period. Feed and water were available for ad libitum consumption with feed intake recorded daily. Eggs and excreta were collected daily for mineral analysis. Feed, Ca, and P intake of hens increased significantly (P < .05) on shell-forming (SF) days compared with days on which shell formation did not take place (NSF). Dietary Ca level had a significant (P < .05) effect on feed and Ca intake of hens. On SF days, hens retained more dietary Ca, both as a percentage and per gram Ca basis, compared with NSF days. As dietary Ca increased, the percentage Ca retained decreased (P < .05) and per gram Ca retained increased (P < .05). Dietary Ca had no effect (P > .05) on egg weight or egg production. Increasing dietary Ca significantly (P < .05) decreased shell deformation and increased (P < .05) shell weight and grams of shell Ca, although there was no significant (P > .05) effect on percentage shell Ca. Calcium retention increased linearly (P < .05) as Ca intake increased, and shell weight increased quadratically (P < .05). There was a diminishing response of shell weight to Ca intake at higher levels.
31 NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82
Calcium deficiency and food deprivation improve the response of chickens to
acute heat stress.
Ait-Boulahsen, A.; Garlich, J.D.; Edens, F.W.
Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1993 Jan.
The Journal of nutrition v. 123 (1): p. 98-105; 1993 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Fowls; Diet; Mineral deficiencies; Calcium; Food restriction;
Heat stress; Acid base equilibrium
Abstract: The tolerance of chickens to acute heat stress may be modified by diet. Broiler chickens fed calcium-adequate (0.90% Ca) or -deficient (0.45% or 0.15% Ca) diets were either fed or not fed for 24 h and exposed to increasing temperatures (from 24 to 41 degrees C). Diets were fed for 7 d before heat stress in Experiment 1 and for 14 d before heat stress in Experiment 2. Body temperature, blood ionized Ca, pH, pCO2, plasma inorganic phosphate and total Ca were determined. During heat stress, Ca+2 and inorganic phosphate were depressed in all treatments. Feeding the 0.45% Ca diet for 7 d reduced hyperthermic body temperature of fed chickens but had no effect on body temperature of unfed chickens relative to the groups fed 0.90% Ca. No further improvement in body temperature response to heat stress was obtained by lowering the dietary Ca level to 0.15% or extending the feeding period to 14 d. Food deprivation was more effective in counteracting the heat-induced rise in body temperature than a dietary Ca deficiency. Heat-induced changes in body temperature, Ca+2, inorganic phosphate and blood pH were highly correlated (P < 0.001). The change in Ca+2 followed a pattern similar to that of changes in body temperature, but changes in inorganic phosphate seemed to be more indicative of changes in pH. Control birds fed 0.90% Ca exhibited the highest changes in Ca+2 and body temperature values. Feeding Ca-deficient diets reduced changes in both Ca+2 and body temperature. Unfed birds, regardless of dietary Ca level, showed the lowest changes in Ca+2 and body temperature. The results suggest that during heat stress, the increase in body temperature is inversely related to the chickens' ability to maintain blood Ca+2.
32 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Can domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) anticipate a period of food
deprivation?.
Petherick, J.C.; Waddington, D.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Nov.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (2/3): p. 219-226; 1991 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Fowls; Learning ability; Animal welfare; Circadian rhythm; Food
deprivation; Food intake
33 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643
Changes in the somatosensory evoked potentials and spontaneous
electroencephalogram of hens during stunning with a carbon dioxide and argon
mixture.
Mohan Raj, A.B.; Wotton, S.B.; Gregory, N.G.
London : Bailliere Tindall; 1992 Mar.
British veterinary journal v. 148 (2): p. 147-156; 1992 Mar. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hens; Stunning; Carbon dioxide; Argon; Oxygen; Bioelectric potential; Electroencephalograms; Hypercapnia; Anoxia; Animal welfare
Abstract: A previous investigation indicated that when hens were exposed to
2% oxygen in argon (anoxia) EEG suppression and loss of SEPs occurred at 17
and 29 s after exposure. In this study, hens were exposed to 49% carbon
dioxide in air (hypercapnic hypoxia) or 31% carbon dioxide with 2% oxygen in
argon (hypercapnic anoxia) and their spontaneous electroence-phalogram (EEG)
and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were investigated. The results
indicated that EEG suppression and loss of SEPs occurred in 11 and 26 s,
respectively, in hypercapnic hypoxia. These events occurred at 11 and 19 s,
respectively, after exposure to hypercapnic anoxia. These results indicated
that, with regard to preslaughter stunning/killing of chickens, a mixture of
31% carbon dioxide with 2% oxygen in argon resulted in a more rapid loss of
evoked responses in the brain when compared with 49% carbon dioxide in air or
with 2% oxygen in argon. It is concluded that stunning chickens with low
concentrations of carbon dioxide in argon would result in a more rapid loss of
consciousness.
34 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Characterizing efficiency of misting systems for poultry.
Bottcher, R.W.; Baughman, G.R.; Gates, R.S.; Timmons, M.B.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Mar.
Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (2): p. 586-590; 1991 Mar. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Poultry housing; Evaporative cooling; Fowls; Mist application;
Mathematical models; Theory
Abstract: Misting systems for poultry housing have traditionally been characterized using evaporative cooling efficiency. This works well for evaporative pad systems, but poorly for misting systems since they are strongly affected by water pressure and ventilation rates. The fraction of the misting rate which evaporates (designated as beta) was analyzed for two previous studies and data obtained for this study using theoretical relationships. A theoretical analysis relating individual droplet evaporation to evaporation rates showed that evaporation efficiency is strongly affected by initial droplet sizes, which are affected by water pressure in conventional misting systems. Analysis of test data for poultry houses showed that beta increases with system water pressure; beta ranged from 0.09 at a pressure of 280 kPa (40 psi) to 0.57 at a pressure of 3400 kPa (500 psi).
35 NAL Call. No.: RA639.M44
Chemical control of Ornithonyssus sylviarum on caged layer hens.
Levot, G.W.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1992 Apr.
Medical and veterinary entomology v. 6 (2): p. 131-134; 1992 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: New South Wales; Hens; Ornithonyssus sylviarum; Insect control;
Malathion; Carbaryl; Permethrin; Azamethiphos; Cages
36 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Chickens show socially facilitated feeding behaviour in response to a video
image of a conspecific.
Keeling, L.J.; Hurnik, J.F.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Apr.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (2/3): p. 223-231; 1993 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Chickens; Feeding behavior; Video recordings
37 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Choice between artificial turf and wire floor as nest sites in individually
caged laying hens.
Hughes, B.O.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 May.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (4): p. 327-335; 1993 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hens; Nesting
38 NAL Call. No.: 1.98 AG84
The cleanest little chicken house in America.
Mazzola, V.
Washington, D.C. : The Service; 1993 Sep.
Agricultural research - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research
Service v. 41 (9): p. 18; 1993 Sep.
Language: English
Descriptors: Poultry housing; Environmental control
39 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5
Colonization of broiler chickens by waterborne Campylobacter jejuni.
Pearson, A.D.; Greenwood, M.; Healing, T.D.; Rollins, D.; Shahamat, M.;
Donaldson, J.; Colwell, R.R.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1993 Apr.
Applied and environmental microbiology v. 59 (4): p. 987-996; 1993 Apr.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Broilers; Campylobacter jejuni; Colonization; Poultry diseases;
Waterborne diseases; Disinfection
Abstract: Chickens on a broiler farm in southern England were found to be
colonized with Campylobacter jejuni of a single serotype, Lior 1 Penner 4. The
farm was the sole supplier of a local slaughterhouse associated with a
campylobacter outbreak in 1984 caused by this serotype. The serotype persisted
on the farm for at least 18 months after the outbreak; its prevalence in the
human population served by the farm remained high until it disappeared from
the farm in 1986. The possible sources and routes of transmission of C. jejuni
to the broilers on the farm were investigated. The results showed that
vertical transmission, feed, litter, small mammals, and environmental or
airborne cross-contamination between sheds or successive crops could be
excluded as persistent sources of C. jejuni. The predominant source of C.
jejuni on the farm was shown to be the water supply. Direct microscopy and
fluorescent antibody methods revealed presumptive campylobacters throughout
the farm's water system. Campylobacter-free chickens raised in an animal house
and given water from the farm supply became colonized with the serotype of C.
jejuni endemic on the farm (Lior 1 Penner 4). An intervention program based on
water chlorination, shed drinking system cleaning and disinfection, and
withdrawal of furazolidone from feed reduced the proportion of birds colonized
with campylobacter from 81 to 7% and was associated with a 1,000- to
10,000-fold reduction in campylobacters recoverable from the carcasses. Two
months after the end of the intervention program colonization of the birds
returned to high levels (84%), indicating that there was a temporal
association between intervention and reduced colonization with C. jejuni.
Investigations continue to establish the general applicability of these
findings.
40 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AV5
Colonization of Escherichia coli in young turkeys and chickens.
Leitner, G.; Heller, E.D.
Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian Pathologists; 1992 Apr.
Avian diseases v. 36 (2): p. 211-220; 1992 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Turkeys; Fowls; Poultry; Escherichia coli; Intestinal diseases; Intestinal mucosa; Experiments; Animal experiments; Experimental design
Abstract: In order to investigate the possibility of pathogenic Escherichia
coli penetrating the bloodstream via the intestinal mucosa in normal and
stressed turkeys and chickens, birds were inoculated orally with the bacteria
or exposed environmentally to it. Immediately after hatch, intestines
contained a substantial number of coliform bacteria that increased with time.
In orally infected turkeys, the pathogenic bacteria (nalidixic-acid-resistant
O78) replaced 10%-50% of the native coliform flora but could not be isolated
from the trachea or blood. Environmentally exposed groups exhibited pathogenic
bacteria in intestines but not in blood. Stressing of exposed turkeys resulted
in isolation of the pathogenic bacteria from blood and even spleen. In orally
infected broiler chickens, stress resulted in bacteremia and mortality.
Chickens that were exposed to pathogenic bacteria at a young age and showed no
mortality or morbidity demonstrated no detrimental effects due to challenge
with the same pathogenic bacteria later in life. Stress seems to cause
penetration of the pathogenic bacteria into the bloodstream, which in turn can
cause severe disease and mortality.
41 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Comparison of behavior and performance of laying hens housed in battery cages
and an aviary.
Tanaka, T.; Hurnik, J.F.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Feb.
Poultry science v. 71 (2): p. 235-243; 1992 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hens; Animal welfare; Battery cages; Aviaries; Animal behavior;
Egg production; Feeding habits
Abstract: Experiments were carried out to study the behavior and production
performance of hens housed in battery cages (3 birds X 112 cages) and an
aviary (437 birds). Direct visual observations and videotapings of hen
behavior were collected at 24 to 25, 36 to 37, 49 to 50, and 61 to 62 wk of
age. Production data were collected daily. Stereotyped behaviors were much
more frequent (P < .01) in the battery cages (7.0 to 24.7%) than in the aviary
(1.0 to 2.7%). Comfort behaviors were performed by aviary birds (3.9 to 5.5%)
much more frequently (P < .01) than by the caged birds (.7 to .9%). The birds
were more active during a few hours before dark and just after light in both
cages and the aviary. In both groups, the production performance of hens was
similar and relatively high. The results of the current study indicate that
aviaries provide a more comfortable environment for birds and almost the same
productivity per bird as battery cages.
42 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Comparison of procedures for collecting semen from ganders and inseminating
geese.
Grunder, A.A.; Pawluczuk, B.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1991 Sep.
Poultry science v. 70 (9): p. 1975-1980; 1991 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Geese; Artificial insemination; Semen production; Artificial vagina; Semen characters; Poultry housing; Female fertility; Timing
Abstract: Experiments were conducted to compare management of ganders and
semen collection procedures with respect to semen and sperm yield, and two
frequencies of artificial insemination were tested with respect to fertility.
Housing ganders in groups, singly, or singly with the introduction of a female
just before collection was the rank order of housing system from least to most
successful collection of ejaculates. There were no significant differences
among types of housing with respect to semen volume, but ejaculates from
ganders housed singly had the greatest (P < .05) spermatozoal concentrations.
Ejaculates collected with an artificial vagina were of greater (P < .05)
volume and total spermatozoal yield but not spermatozoal concentration than
those collected by aspiration. Interactions between collector and method were
observed for spermatozoal traits. Geese inseminated on 2 consecutive days/wk
showed greater (P < .01) fertility than those inseminated once per week.
Therefore, collection of semen with an artificial vagina from ganders housed
singly, with insemination weekly but on consecutive days, should result in
successful reproduction of geese.
43 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
A comparison of three continuous and four shuttle anticoccidial programs.
Guneratne, J.R.M.; Gard, D.I.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1991 Sep.
Poultry science v. 70 (9): p. 1888-1894; 1991 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Broilers; Coccidiostats; Narasin; Nicarbazin; Intestines;
Lesions; Growth; Body weight; Feed conversion; Mortality; Feed intake; Adverse
effects; Heat stress
Abstract: Continuous programs of a combination of narasin (40 ppm) and
nicarbazin (40 ppm) (NaNi), narasin at levels of 60 and 70 ppm, and a 2 by 2
factorial shuttle design (NaNi or nicarbazin at 125 ppm, each for 27 or 28
days, followed by narasin at 60 or 70 ppm to termination), were compared with
unmedicated controls for their anticoccidial efficacy and growth performance
in nine broiler trials conducted in seven countries outside the United States.
Cecal coccidial lesions were reduced only by treatments that incorporated
nicarbazin either at the 40-ppm level in NaNi or at 125 ppm, whereas total
intestinal lesion scores were reduced by all the anticoccidial programs
tested. At Day 28, the three treatments containing NaNi and the treatment
containing narasin at 60 ppm significantly improved weight gain and feed
efficiencies over the two treatments containing nicarbazin at 125 ppm and the
unmedicated controls. At termination all the anticoccidial programs
significantly decreased the mortality rate and improved bird weights and feed
efficiencies. Birds on the treatments containing NaNi either in the two
shuttle programs or in the continuous program were significantly heavier than
those on the two treatments containing nicarbazin at 125 ppm in shuttle
programs.
44 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Comparison of two methods for determining broiler processing yield.
Fletcher, D.L.; Cason, J.A.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1991 Apr.
Poultry science v. 70 (4): p. 1010-1014; 1991 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Broilers; Carcass yield; Processing losses; Estimation;
Evisceration; Chicken meat
Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to compare conventional hand
evisceration and yield-by-difference (YBD) methods of determining broiler
processing yield. In each experiment, 192 birds from 24 pens were killed by
bleeding for 2 min, scalded at 59 C for 2 min, and picked for 30 s in a rotary
batch picker. Yield-by-difference was determined by removing and weighing the
nonsalable portion of the carcass (inedible viscera, and nongastrointestinal
waste). Conventional processing was performed by hand. Data were analyzed by
pen and treatment for means and coefficient of variation. Live weight and New
York dressed weights of birds processed by the two methods were not
significantly (P<.05) different in either experiment. The YBD resulted in a
significantly greater yield as calculated from live weight or New York-dressed
weight. Coefficients of variation were not significantly different. These
results indicate that the YBD procedure could be used to estimate absolute
yield better but does not offer any advantages in reduction of yield
variation. The YBD would not be practical for further yield or carcass
studies.
45 NAL Call. No.: QR115.I57
Competitive exclusion of campylobacters from poultry with K-bacteria and
Broilact.
Aho, M.; Nuotio, L.; Nurmi, E.; Kiiskinen, T.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Mar.
International journal of food microbiology v. 15 (3/4): p. 265-275; 1992 Mar.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Salmonella; Poultry meat; Biological competition; Campylobacter;
Chicks
Abstract: The competitive exclusion (CE) product (Broilact) which is effective against Salmonellas, was found to be inactive against campylobacters. Microecological concepts were applied in the search of a new competitive flora and two novel strains ('K-bacteria') were isolated. These strains resembled campylobacters but differed from them in morphology, enzyme profiles (API), cellular fatty acid profiles and when tested with a ribosomal RNA hybridization probe (Gene-Trak). Two-week laboratory trials on broiler chickens showed that CE treatment may protect the birds against campylobacters but revealed the need for facultatively anaerobic bacteria in establishing a protective flora. A 5-week pilot scale trial was carried out. The trial involved 1800 newly hatched chicks in 30 groups. K-bacteria and Broilact, which provided the necessary facultatively anaerobic bacteria, were administered to some of the birds in the first drinking water. A seeder bird technique was used to challenge experimental and control birds with Campylobacter jejuni biotype 2 (broiler origin). Three seeder birds were placed in each group of 60 birds. Groups were sampled weekly for campylobacters and finally at the slaughterhouse. From each group, the caecal contents of two birds were examined quantitatively for campylobacters. The performance of the birds was also monitored during the trial. The results showed a 1.5 week delay in the onset of campylobacter infection in treated chicks and a consistently lower level of colonization in comparison with control birds. At slaughter, levels of carriage in caecal contents of treated birds were 1.5-2.0 log10 units lower than those of controls, despite apparent stress from harvesting and transportation. The treatment had no economically important effects on the performance of the birds during rearing.
46 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Computer-aide heat acclimation in broiler cockerels.
Davis, G.S.; Edens, F.W.; Parkhurst, C.R.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1991 Feb.
Poultry science v. 70 (2): p. 302-306; 1991 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: North Carolina; Broilers; Cocks; Heat stress; Heat resistance;
Poultry housing; Environmental control; Microcomputers; Computer programming;
Blood chemistry; Blood plasma; Mortality
Abstract: A battery-powered BASIC CMOS microcomputer was used to control) the
environment in a solar-assisted poultry house containing heat-acclimated and
control broiler chickens. The computer features complete isolation from
commercial power sources, power consumption in the 100-mA range, integrated
circuit time clock, a 16-channel analog to digital converter to measure
temperature, and 16 channels of output for control of poultry house equipment.
Three-week-old broiler cockerels were subjected to daily 4-h heating episodes
(35 C) for 3 wk and then were exposed to heat stress (38 C) for 4 h. Based
upon mortality and performance parameters, it was concluded that computer
assisted-acclimation would be a method to improve heat resistance in broiler
chickens.
47 NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322
Control of heat stress essential to keep hens laying in hot weather.
Muirhead, S.
Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Co; 1993 Apr05.
Feedstuffs v. 65 (14): p. 13; 1993 Apr05.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hens; Heat stress; Weather; Temperature
48 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AV5
Controlled early feed restriction as a potential means of reducing the
incidence of ascites in broilers.
Shlosberg, A.; Berman, E.; Bendheim, U.; Plavnik, I.
Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian Pathologists; 1991 Oct.
Avian diseases v. 35 (4): p. 681-684; 1991 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Chicks; Restricted feeding; Ascites; Pelleted feeds; Feed meals;
Cold stress; Mortality; Disease control
Abstract: Male broiler chicks were grown at cold temperatures to enhance
susceptibility to the ascites syndrome. Various feeding regimens were used to
determine whether they could influence mortality due to ascites. It was found
that a precisely controlled early feed-restriction regimen at the age of 6 to
11 days significantly reduced mortality from all causes and mortality due to
ascites, while maintaining optimum body weight and feed conversion at
marketing age.
49 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Cooling of drinking water for laying hens.
Damron, B.L.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1991 Nov.
Poultry science v. 70 (11): p. 2368-2370; 1991 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Florida; Hens; Drinking water; Cooling; Laying performance; Egg quality; Environmental temperature; Body weight; Feed intake
Abstract: The cooling of laying hen drinking water from ambient temperature (approximately 25 to 28 C) to 21.1 or 10 C during daylight hours of July to September was investigated over an 8-wk period as a means of improving hot weather performance of hens. Eight replicate groups of five individually caged birds were exposed to each drinking water regimen provided in plastic troughs. Water was chilled by colder water circulated through copper coils. In-house temperatures during the trial reached or exceeded 32.2 C on 57% of the days; the average maximum temperature was 31.9 C. Egg production, daily feed intake, mortality rate, body weight change, and fecal moisture were not significantly altered from the ambient response by the provision of cooled drinking water. Both egg Haugh unit and specific gravity values were significantly improved by the 21.1 C treatment but egg weights were reduced in association with both cool water treatments. Cooling of laying hen drinking water did not appear to offer a production advantage; however, some benefits may be realized in the areas of egg interior and shell quality with cooling from 28 to 21.1 C.
50 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AV5
Correlation of water activity and other environmental conditions with repeated
detection of Salmonella contamination on poultry farms.
Opara, O.O.; Carr, L.E.; Russek-Cohen, E.; Tate, C.R.; Mallinson, E.T.;
Miller, R.G.; Stewart, L.E.; Johnston, R.W.; Joseph, S.W.
Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian Pathologists; 1992 Jul.
Avian diseases v. 36 (3): p. 664-671; 1992 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Broilers; Flocks; Salmonella; Microbial contamination; Water;
Activity; Litter; Ammonia; Temperature; Ph; Moisture content; Ash;
Environmental factors
Abstract: Three flocks on 13 different broiler farms were monitored for Salmonella over three consecutive growout periods using the drag swab (DS) technique. One house was consistently negative for Salmonella contamination (7.7%); four houses were consistently positive (30.8%); and eight houses (61.5%) alternated between either a DS Salmonella negative or positive status. Simultaneously, numerous environmental parameters of the litter surface were measured, including water activity (Aw), ammonia, temperature, pH, moisture content (MC), ash content, and volatile solids. Analysis of these data as a corollary, to either Salmonella-negative or -positive DS results revealed significant correlation coefficients for some of the parameters, especially, Aw. The results suggest that there should be further exploration of remedial intervention based on control of some of the physical features of litter (e.g., controlling litter Aw and possibly MC and pH levels) in poultry houses.
51 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Daily energy allotment and reproductive performance of broiler breeder males.
Attia, Y.A.; Yamani, K.A.; Burke, W.H.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1993 Jan.
Poultry science v. 72 (1): p. 42-50; 1993 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Broilers; Cocks; Body weight; Diet; Metabolizable energy; Egg fertility; Egg hatchability; Energy intake; Testes; Weight; Carcass composition; Laying performance; Progeny; Pododermatitis
Abstract: Ross broiler breeder males, housed in floor pens with females and fed from separate feeders, were given 125 g/day of isonitrogenous diets formulated to provide 300, 340, and 380 kcal per male per day between 28 and 60 wk of age. Males given 300 kcal/day maintained their initial BW and were consistently lighter than those fed the two higher energy levels; BW of males given the two higher energy allotments did not differ from each other. Fertility levels, over the whole experiment, averaged 80.1, 91.1, and 83.0% for the low-, intermediate-, and high-energy groups, respectively. Fertility dropped slightly over time in all groups but showed a precipitous fall in the low-energy group between 48 and 60 wk. Hatchability of fertile eggs showed a significant decrease over time but no treatment differences were found. Hatchability of eggs set, like fertility, showed a significant quadratic regression on energy allocation. A significant linear effect of energy level on 60-wk testes weights was found but carcass composition at 60 wk was unrelated to dietary energy allocation. Males fed 300 kcal/day had less severe pododermatitis than males in other groups, but the correlation between BW and pododermatitis score was not significant. Average 6-wk BW of approximately 500 offspring of males fed the low-energy diet, raised comingled with those from other male treatments in three separate growth trials, were consistently and significantly lower than those of offspring of males fed 380 kcal/day.
52 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 G29B
Dark-out light restriction for rearing broiler breeders.
Wilson, J.L.; Mauldin, J.M.; Czarick, M. III
Athens, Ga. : The Service; 1991 Jul.
Bulletin - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Georgia, College of
Agriculture (1053): 11 p. ill; 1991 Jul.
Language: English
Descriptors: Broiler production; Chicken housing; Light regime;
Photosensitivity
53 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
Design of a poultry disease isolation facility with programmable environmental
control.
Branton, S.L.; Simmons, J.D.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Sep.
Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (5): p. 695-699; 1992 Sep. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pig housing; Structural design; Animal diseases; Isolation;
Quarantine; Environmental control
Abstract: An 8 X 25 m (26 X 82 ft) block building was converted from an
outdated environmental research facility to a state-of-the-art biological
isolation laboratory for poultry disease research. Modification included
interior partitioning into two large environmental chambers, the addition of
insulation in walls and ceiling, 70 kW (20 tons) of refrigeration, 32 fiber
glass biological isolation units, appropriate air handling and waste removal,
and a computer-based environmental controller. The facility has been in use
for two years and has been used in conducting research with both broilers and
layers with no occurrence of cross-contamination. To date, the facility has
performed as intended with no problems other than the accumulation of poultry
dust with resultant persistent clogging of the medium efficiency pleated
roughing filter. This problem was rectified through the incorporation of a
lanolin-impregnated roll roughing filter into the filter system upstream of
the pleated roughing filter.
54 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Design of nest boxes for laying cages.
Appleby, M.C.; Smith, S.F.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1991 Sep.
British poultry science v. 32 (4): p. 667-678; 1991 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hens; Animal welfare; Animal behavior; Cages; Nesting; Egg
production; Wood shavings; Nests; Oviposition
55 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643
Designing environments for animals-not for public perceptions.
Duncan, L.J.H.
London : Bailliere Tindall; 1992 Nov.
British veterinary journal v. 148 (6): p. 475-477; 1992 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hens; Battery cages; Animal welfare; Animal behavior
56 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Developing future-minded strategies for sustainable poultry production.
Stenholm, C.W.; Waggoner, D.B.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1991 Feb.
Poultry science v. 70 (2): p. 203-210; 1991 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Poultry industry; Sustainability; International trade; Consumer preferences; Environmental impact; Research support
Abstract: Poultry is one of the world's major and fastest growing sources of
meat, representing over 22% of all meat production in 1989. Because of their
high nutrient content and relatively low caloric value, egg and poultry
products are natural candidates to meet emerging consumer demands. The United
States poultry industry must continue to meet the challenge of designing foods
that meet consumers' definition of what is safe and what is healthy. Any
agricultural production system should stand the test of scientific scrutiny,
economic analysis, and social acceptance and impact. The agricultural science
sector should develop best management practices that continue to provide
profitability and sustainability for producers. The poultry industry in the
United States and many other countries has progressed probably more than any
other branch of livestock production in the trend toward intensive production
systems. Voluntary codes of practice adhered to by producers of farm animals
is an effective option that can be employed to help solve concerns about
animal welfare. The poultry industry of the future will need to meet steadily
consumer demand for wholesome meat, while addressing issues of health and
safety waste management, and water and air pollution.
57 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Diet dilution and compensatory growth in broilers.
Leeson, S.; Summer, J.D.; Caston, L.J.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1991 Apr.
Poultry science v. 70 (4): p. 867-873; 1991 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Broilers; Underfeeding; Energy value; Compensatory growth;
Cottonseed husks; Liveweight gain; Feed intake; Feed conversion; Carcass
quality
Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to note the response of broiler chickens to degrees of diet dilution from 4 to 11 days of age. In Experiment 1, broilers were fed conventional broiler diets from 0 to 4 and 11 to 56 days of age. From 4 to 11 days, birds were fed a conventional corn and soybean meal broiler starter, or the same diet in which major nutrients were replaced with 25, 40, or 55% ground rice hulls. Minerals and vitamin sources were not affected by dilution. Each of the three diluted diets together with an undiluted control diet was fed to three replicate floor pen groups of 30 male or 30 female broilers. In a second similar experiment, male birds were fed a regular broiler starter from 4 to 11 days or a diet diluted with 50% rice hulls. In this second experiment, rice hulls were substituted for all ingredients including those providing vitamin and mineral supplements. In Experiment 1, diet dilution resulted in a significant (P<.05) reduction in body weight at 11 days of age, although by 42 days there was complete recovery of body weight with no change in overall efficiency of feed utilization. This same trend was seen in both sexes. Calculation of energy balance suggests these birds to have used energy very efficiently during the period of undernutrition. Diet dilution had no effect on carcass characteristics at 42 days, although for males at 56 days there was an indication of reduced abdominal fat content (P<.05). In Experiment 2, compensatory gain was incomplete, although results were confounded due to an outbreak of infectious bronchitis. It is concluded that broiler chickens can withstand a 7-day period of early undernutrition without loss in regular performance characteristics. The response of birds to diet dilution is likely a factor of degree, method, and duration of undernutrition and of age in relation to sexual maturity.
58 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Dietary zinc methionine effect on eggshell quality of hens drinking saline
water.
Moreng, R.E.; Balnave, D.; Zhang, D.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jul.
Poultry science v. 71 (7): p. 1163-1167; 1992 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hens; Drinking water; Saline water; Zinc; Methionine; Tap water;
Egg shell quality; Breaking strength; Egg shell defects; Zinc sulfate; Feed
intake; Water intake; Weight; Laying performance
Abstract: In two experiments individually caged 60-wk-old laying hens were
exposed to daily temperatures ranging between 18 and 35 C and given various
dietary and drinking water treatments. In Experiment 1 these were: 1) basal
diet and town water; 2) basal diet and town water supplemented with 2 g
NaCl/L; 3) basal diet supplemented with .2 g zinc methionine (Zinpro-200)/kg
diet and town water; or 4) basal diet supplemented with .2 g zinc
methionine/kg and town water supplemented with 2 g NaCl/L. In Experiment 2,
Treatments 1 and 2 were the same as in Experiment 1. Birds on Treatments 3 and
4 received the town water supplemented with 2 g NaCl/L and the basal diet
supplemented with either .5 g zinc methionine/kg (Treatment 3) or .28 g
ZnSO4H2O/kg to approximate the same dietary zinc concentration in Treatment 3
(Treatment 4). In both experiments, dietary zinc methionine plus 2 g NaCl/L in
the drinking water significantly improved shell breaking strength over those
birds on the 2 g NaCl/L with no zinc methionine supplementation. This same
pattern occurred for shell weight, shell weight per unit of surface area, and
percentage of shell defects. There were no improvements in the parameters
measured from the supplementation of ZnSO4. The zinc methionine compound
apparently was effective in overcoming the negative influence of the added 2 g
NaCl/L of town water.
59 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Differential leucocyte responses to various degrees of food restriction in
broilers, turkeys and ducks.
Maxwell, M.H.; Hocking, P.M.; Robertson, G.W.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar.
British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 177-187; 1992 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Poultry; Restricted feeding; Stress response; Blood picture
60 NAL Call. No.: 382 SO12
Differential response of ducks and chicks to dietary sorghum tannins.
Elkin, R.G.; Rogler, J.C.; Sullivan, T.W.
Essex : Elsevier Applied Science; 1991.
Journal of the science of food and agriculture v. 57 (4): p. 543-553; 1991.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Diet; Ducks; Chicks; Sorghum; Tannins; Performance
Abstract: White Pekin ducklings were reared in floor pens and given access to
nipple-type waterers in order to eliminate a feeding behaviour previously
observed in battery brooder-raised ducks in which sorghum tannins were
possibly detoxicated by exposure of the ground grain to water. High-tannin
sorghum (HTS)-soya bean meal and low-tannin sorghum (LTS)-soya bean meal
diets, suboptimal in protein, with or without supplemental methionine, and
either in dry, mash or pellet form, were fed to both day-old ducks and chicks
for either 14 or 17 days, respectively. The chicks were reared in battery
brooders. In contrast to previous findings with ducks raised in battery
brooders, HTS-fed ducks reared in floor pens exhibited reduced weight gain and
feed efficiency values compared with LTS-fed ducks. However, the magnitude of
the growth depression caused by feeding ducks HTS versus LTS was much less
than that observed in chicks fed the identical diets (17 versus 33%,
respectively). Methionine supplementation of the HTS diets completely overcame
the reduced weight gain in ducks, but feed efficiency values were still
significantly poorer than those of ducks fed methionine-supplemented LTS
diets. In contrast, although HTS-fed chicks responded to dietary methionine
supplementation, they still exhibited poorer weight gain and feed efficiency
values compared with birds fed LTS diets similarly supplemented. Increasing
the dietary level of supplemental methionine did not result in any further
improvement in performance of chicks fed either LTS- or HTS-based diets. It
was concluded that, compared with chickens, ducks are less affected by dietary
sorghum tannins.
61 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312
A disc ELISA for the detection of salmonella group D antibodies in poultry.
Minga, U.M.; Wray, C.
London : British Veterinary Association; 1992 May.
Research in veterinary science v. 52 (3): p. 384-386; 1992 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Poultry; Salmonella gallinarum; Salmonella enteritidis; Elisa;
Antibodies; Detection; Immunodiagnosis
Abstract: An ELISA using lipopolysaccharide antigens prepared from Salmonella gallinarum and S enteritidis was developed for the serological diagnosis of fowl typhoid and S enteritidis infection in poultry. There was good agreement between the results of the ELISA and conventional serological tests when samples from naturally infected birds and S enteritidis immunised birds were tested. Some cross reactions were observed when serum samples from S typhimurium infected birds were tested by ELISA. Subsequently a disc ELISA, using filter paper discs, was developed to facilitate sampling and testing of poultry. There was good correlation between the results of the disc and serum ELISAs and the test is recommended for the field testing of birds.
62 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Diurnal and individual variation in behaviour of restricted-fed broiler
breeders.
Kostal, L.; Savory, C.J.; Hughes, B.O.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jan.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (4): p. 361-374; 1992 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Broilers; Restricted feeding; Animal behavior; Diurnal variation; Variation; Stress; Corticosterone; Blood plasma; Fearfulness; Body weight
63 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Diurnal behavior patterns of cage-reared Brown Tsaiya ducks (Anas
platyrhynchos var. domestica).
Lee, S.R.; Lee, Y.P.; Chen, B.J.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Aug.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (3): p. 255-262; 1992 Aug. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Ducks; Anas platyrhynchos; Diurnal activity; Behavior patterns; Age differences; Cages; Acclimatization; Animal behavior
64 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Dust net generation rate in a poultry layer house.
Qi, R.; Manbeck, H.B.; Maghirang, R.G.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Sep.
Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (5): p. 1639-1645. ill; 1992 Sep. Literature
review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pennsylvania; Poultry housing; Air quality; Artificial
ventilation; Dust; Interactions; Lighting; Literature reviews; Particle
density; Air pollutants; Mathematical models
Abstract: Dust particle net generation rates, based on the particle
concentration data obtained in a commercial poultry facility during a complete
laying season of one flock of birds, were calculated and compared to published
values. The layer house was mechanically ventilated with a housing capacity
for 112,000 caged birds. Two seasonal (hot and cold) ventilation rates were
used at different times during the 14 weekly sample periods that are included
in this study. The daily lighting scheme in the house consisted of 17 lighted
hours followed by 7 darkened hours. Hourly dust particle net generation rates
for respirable and total particles were calculated. For the 14 tested weeks,
mean particle volume generation rates were 0.76 mm3/h.bird and 1.06
mm3/h.bird, respectively, for respirable and total particles. Based on a
measured particle density of 1750 kg/m3, the mean mass generation rates of
respirable and total particles were 1.32 mg/h.bird and 1.84 mg/h.bird,
respectively. Both respirable and total particle generation rates were
significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by both ventilation rate and lighting
levels.
65 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Early feed restriction of broilers: effects on abdominal fat pad, liver, and
gizzard weights, fat deposition, and carcass composition.
Fontana, E.A.; Weaver, W.D. Jr; Denbow, D.M.; Watkins, B.A.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1993 Feb.
Poultry science v. 72 (2): p. 243-250; 1993 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Broilers; Restricted feeding; Dietary fat; Dietary protein; Abdominal fat; Organs; Weight; Sex differences; Fat percentage; Body protein
Abstract: A total of five experiments were conducted to investigate the
effects, of early feed restriction on organ weights, fat deposition, and
carcass composition in broilers. In Experiments 1 and 2, broiler chicks were
reared in litter pens for 49 days, whereas Experiments 3, 4, and 5, conducted
in battery cages for 28 days. Feed restriction in all experiments was
accomplished by providing male broiler chicks 40 kcal per bird per day for 7
(Experiments 1 and 2) or 6 (Experiments 3, 4, and 5) days, starting at 4 days
of age. Feed restriction of broiler pullets in Experiment 1 was imposed from 4
to 9 days of age. Furthermore, the starter and grower diets in Experiment 2
contained either 1 or 4% added fat and the starter diets in Experiments 3, 4,
and 5 contained either 21 or 26% protein. No significant differences were
observed for abdominal fat pad and gizzard weights, liver and carcass fat, or
carcass protein between early restricted birds and ad libitum controls at 49
days of age in Experiments 1 and 2. Furthermore, with the exception of
Experiment 4, no differences in abdominal fat pad weights were observed among
the different feeding regimens. Significant increases in abdominal fat pad
weights, percentage liver, and percentage carcass fat were noted for females
at 49 days of age when compared with male broilers. Carcass fat was
significantly higher and carcass protein was significantly lower in broilers
fed commercial versus reduced fat diets. Broilers fed a 21% protein diet had
significantly heavier abdominal fat pad weights at 28 days of age than birds
fed a 26% protein diet. No significant interactions were observed between the
various treatments for the different variables measured. Results from the
present studies indicate that early feed restriction minimally affects organ
weights, fat deposition, and carcass composition of broiler chickens later in
life.
66 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Effect of beak-trimming age and high fiber grower diets on layer performance.
Bell, D.D.; Kuney, D.R.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1991 May.
Poultry science v. 70 (5): p. 1105-1112; 1991 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hens; Beak; Debeaking; Age; Egg production; Strain differences;
Hen feeding; Fiber content; Body weight; Feed intake; Mortality; Costs;
Profitability
Abstract: The performance of three commercial strains of White leghorn layers
was compared following beak trimming (BT) at 6 or 12 wk of age when fed diets
containing 4.45 and 6.30% fiber between 6 and 12 or 12 and 18 wk of age,
respectively. Body weights were lower at 12 wk in the 6-wk BT pullets, but
were heavier at 18 wk when compared with the 12 wk BT pullets. Eighteen-week
body weights were unaffected by feeding regimens. Six week BT resulted in
higher hen-day and hen housed egg production, total egg mass, feed
consumption, and total egg income. Profitability was superior for the 6-wk BT
treatment (P = .072). Feeding the high fiber diets from 6 to 12 or 12 to 18 wk
of age resulted in no differences in any of the adult performance traits
measured compared with the control diet.
67 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312
Effect of bone strength on the frequency of broken bones in hens.
Knowles, T.G.; Broom, D.M.; Gregory, N.G.; Wilkins, L.J.
London : British Veterinary Association; 1993 Jan.
Research in veterinary science v. 54 (1): p. 15-19; 1993 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hens; Bone fractures; Bone strength; Frequency; Body weight;
Bones; Humerus; Breed differences; Battery cages
Abstract: Bird weight, breaking strength of humerus and tibiotarsus and the
number of bones broken during culling were recorded for four breeds of
end-of-lay hens housed in battery cages. Tbe probability of a bone being
broken increased with bird weight and decreased with increasing bone strength.
Bone strength increased with bird weight within each breed but the increase in
strength was not great enough to prevent the extra damage suffered by heavier
birds. There were differences in tibiotarsal strength between the four breeds
of bird but overall no breed was more likely to suffer from broken bones than
another. The rate of increase of bone strength with weight was similar between
breeds and between humerus and tibiotarsus. The results show that differences
in bone strength due to the type of housing system in which birds are kept are
great enough to affect the ease with which bones are broken during bird
handling during removal from cages at the end of lay.
68 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
The effect of carbon dioxide as a preslaughter stunning method for turkeys.
Fleming, B.K.; Froning, G.W.; Beck, M.M.; Sosnicki, A.A.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1991 Oct.
Poultry science v. 70 (10): p. 2201-2206; 1991 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Turkeys; Carbon dioxide; Stunning; Meat quality; Turkey meat; Color; Hemorrhage; Slaughter; Animal welfare; Muscle physiology; Ph; Water holding capacity; Muscles; Hemoglobin; Myoglobin; Cytochrome c
Abstract: The objective of the present research was to determine the effects
of CO2 as an immobilization agent on turkey meat quality. In the study, two
concentrations of CO2 were used, 40 and 60%, electrical stunning served as the
control. As compared with electrical stunning, there was a significant (P <
.05) reduction in severity of struggle during the lag stage of immobilization
with both concentrations of CO2; during the lag phase of CO2 immobilization
the bird shows no sign of stress. Hemorrhagic scores for the thigh muscle were
significantly lower (P < .05) for the 40 and 60% CO2 groups when compared with
the electrical stunning treatment. Total heme pigments and hemoglobin
concentrations were significantly lower in the groups immobilized by CO2 (P <
.05) than in the control group. However, control birds exhibited significantly
(P < .05) lower levels of cytochrome c when compared with the groups
immobilized by CO2. Postslaughter pH of birds immobilized with CO2 was
significantly (P < .05) lower than that of the control groups. There was no
significant difference (P < .05) in water holding capacity between treatment
groups. Shear force was significantly lower (P < .05) for the 40% CO2
treatment group, when compared with other immobilization treatments. These
results indicate that CO2 mobilization may have potential application as a
humane stunning technique.
69 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
Effect of catching method and lighting intensity on the prevalence of broken
bones and on the ease of handling of end-of-lay hens.
Gregory, N.G.; Wilkins, L.J.; Alvey, D.M.; Tucker, S.A.
London : The Association; 1993 Feb06.
The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 132
(6): p. 127-129; 1993 Feb06. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hens; Bone fractures
70 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312
Effect of depth of immersion in the waterbath on the effectiveness of
electrical stunning in chickens.
Gregory, N.G.; Wooton, S.B.
London : British Veterinary Association; 1991 Sep.
Research in veterinary science v. 51 (2): p. 200-202; 1991 Sep. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Broilers; Stunning; Head; Neck; Body regions; Bioelectric
potential; Animal welfare
Abstract: Broiler chickens were electrically stunned either by immersing their heads, necks and upper breast in a waterbath stunner or by immersing their heads only. The time to recovery of muscular activity was assessed, and it was found that the deeper immersion was associated with a slightly (10 second) shorter time to resumption of head righting. When hens which had previously been implanted with electroencephalogram electrodes were electrically stunned it was found that the incidence of somatosensory evoked responses during the first 60 seconds after applying the current was not influenced by the depth of immersion. It was concluded that depth of immersion had little influence on the effectiveness of electrical stunning.
71 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Effect of diet and population density on male turkeys under various
environmental conditions. 2. Body composition and meat yield.
Halvorson, J.C.; Waibel, P.E.; Oju, E.M.; Noll, S.L.; El Halawani, M.E.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1991 Apr.
Poultry science v. 70 (4): p. 935-940; 1991 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Turkeys; Stocking density; Dietary fat; Pelleted feeds; Light
regime; Environmental temperature; Carcass yield; Abdominal fat; Carcass
composition; Breast muscle
Abstract: Large White Nicholas male turkeys were reared at two stocking densities (.21 or .46 m2 per bird) and fed one of four diets: 1) control corn and soybean (mash) with 1% fat (CSM); 2) as Diet 1, pelleted (CSP); 3) as Diet 1 with supplemental fat increasing from 1 through 8% with age (CSF); and 4) as Diet 1 with barley at 0, 20, 35, 50, and 65% during successive 4-wk periods (CSB). The turkeys were reared in four environments: (A) intermittent light schedule [4(2 h light (L):4 h dark (D))] with temperature at 7 or 21 C during light and dark photoperiod, respectively, (B) and (D) with intermittent light (2L:4D) with a constant 21 and 7 C temperatures, respectively, (C) continuous light cycle (18L:6D) with temperatures as in Environment A. At 20 wk of age, two turkeys per replicate pen, were killed for determination of body composition and meat yield. Compared with turkeys fed CSM diet, those on CSF and CSP diet had increased percentage carcass fat. Meat yield per bird and percentage carcass fat were greater for turkeys reared at .46 m2 per bird compared with rearing at .21 m2 per bird. Pelleting and fat supplementation resulted in significantly increased amounts of breast meat and leg compared with CSM. Breast meat yield (percentage) and amount were greater at 7 C (Environment D) than at 21 C (Environment B) and the cycling regimen (Environment A). Percentage abdominal fat was greatest at 7 C. Interactions of environment and diet were detected for breast meat yield percentage (P<.023) and weight (P<.036). Diet type had no effect on percentage breast meat or weight in Environment C. An increased amount of breast meat was obtained by feeding CSP in Environments A, B, and D, and dietary fat supplementation increased breast meat yield in Environments A and D over CSM treatment.
72 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Effect of dietary aluminum and vitamin D interaction on growth and calcium and
phosphorus metabolism of broiler chicks.
Hussein, A.S.; Cantor, A.H.; Pescatore, A.J.; Johnson, T.H.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1993 Feb.
Poultry science v. 72 (2): p. 306-309; 1993 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Chicks; Broilers; Dietary minerals; Aluminum; Cholecalciferol;
Mineral metabolism; Growth; Blood chemistry
Abstract: The interaction of dietary aluminum (as aluminum sulfate) and vitamin D on growth performance and calcium and phosphorus metabolism was investigated using male broiler chicks. A corn-soybean broiler starter diet, containing .88% Ca and .45% available P and without added cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), was fed with 0 or.2% Al and with 0, 100, or 200 ICU of vitamin D3/kg of diet in a complete factorial arrangement. Four replicate cages of 10 chicks, 1 day of age, were assigned to each dietary treatment. Average body weight gain (328 versus, 545 g), feed intake (611 versus 784 g), gain:feed (.54 versus .68), and plasma inorganic P (4.2 versus 6.7 mg/dL) were significantly reduced (P < .05) in chicks fed diets with .2% Al, compared with those fed 0% Al. These four variables were improved by increasing the level of vitamin D3 in the diet from 0 to 100 ICU/kg. However, further improvements were not obtained by elevating the vitamin D3 level to 200 ICU/kg. There were significant interactions of Al and vitamin D3 on gain, feed intake, and gain:feed, but not on plasma P. Gain and feed intake were significantly decreased by Al at each level of vitamin D3. Plasma total Ca was significantly increased by vitamin D3, but was unaffected by Al. Increasing the level of dietary vitamin D3 did not completely alleviate the negative effects of Al.
73 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Effect of dietary supplemental pyridoxine levels on the hatchability of turkey
eggs.
Robel, E.J.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Oct.
Poultry science v. 71 (10): p. 1733-1738; 1992 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Turkey eggs; Turkey egg hatchability; Turkey hen feeding;
Pyridoxine; Feed supplements; Maize; Soybean oilmeal; Laying performance; Egg
yolk
Abstract: Two identical experiments were conducted each with 120 Large White
turkey hens in individual cages to determine the value of dietary pyridoxine
supplementation for increasing hatchability. The hens were fed a basal corn
and soybean meal diet. Weekly data responses were averaged across 5- to 6-wk
timespans and recorded in three grouped time periods over the reproduction
cycles. The hens were photostimulated at 31 wk of age and at 33 wk of age were
assigned to dietary treatments containing 0, 6, 12, and 18 mg of supplemented
pyridoxine/kg of diet. Thirty hens were fed each dietary treatment. In
Experiment 1, eggs were collected for 4 days in the middle of each time period
and egg yolk and albumen were assayed separately for vitamin B6. Although the
vitamin B6 concentration in egg yolk was stable (1.9 micrograms/g dried
basis), concentrations of vitamin B6 in egg albumen increased with incremental
dietary pyridoxine levels; however, the average level of vitamin B6 in egg
albumen was only 4% of the average level in egg yolk. About 37 micrograms of
vitamin B6 per egg (82 g) was assayed in eggs from all treatments in the
production periods. Incremental dietary levels of supplemented pyridoxine
above the basal (unsupplemented pyridoxine) diet level did not result in
increasing hatchability or egg vitamin B6 levels. Differences were not
observed for 7-day or 28-day embryo deaths among treatments within the three
5- or 6-wk production periods of both experiments.
74 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Effect of early feed restriction on growth, feed conversion, and mortality in
brolier chickens.
Fontana, E.A.; Weaver, W.D. Jr; Watkins, B.A.; Denbow, D.M.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Aug.
Poultry science v. 71 (8): p. 1296-1305; 1992 Aug. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Broilers; Restricted feeding; Unrestricted feeding; Diet; Sulfur
amino acids; Protein content; Body weight; Feed conversion efficiency;
Liveweight gain; Mortality; Sex differences
Abstract: Two floor pen and two battery experiments were conducted to
determine the effects of early feed restriction on the performance of
commercial broilers. Feed restriction was induced in all experiments by
providing chicks with 40 kcal of ME per bird per day, commencing at 4 days of
age. Male chicks were feed-restricted for 7 (Experiments 1 and 2) or 6 days
(Experiments 3 and 4), whereas broiler females were restricted for 5 days
(Experiment 1). Ad libitum feeding was resumed after the restriction periods,
and continued through the conclusion of the experiments at 49 Experiments I
and 2) or 28 Experiments 3 and 4) days of age. Broilers provided ad libitum
access to feed for the entire experimental period served as the controls in
each study. Broilers subjected to an early feed restriction had significantly
(P less than or equal to .05) lower mean body weights than controls for all
ages measured in the four experiments. However, feed conversion ratios for
restricted broilers were significantly lower at 28 (Experiments 1 through 4)
and 49 (Experiments 1 and 2) days of age than for birds consuming feed ad
libitum. Through regression analyses, it was estimated that male broilers in
Experiments I and 2 would require approximately 2 additional days to obtain
body weights similar to those observed ion control broilers and would still
maintain a lower feed conversion ratio at this older age. in Experiments I and
2, weekly body weight gains for restricted broilers were significantly lower
than for controls from 0 through 28 days of age. However, restricted broilers
(7 days) in Experiment 2 had significantly higher rates of gain from 29 to 49
days of age than unrestricted controls. Total pen body weights for restricted
and ad libitum groups were similar at 49 days of age in Experiments 1 and 2,
which reflected the significant difference in mortality observed between the
two groups.
75 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Effect of early handling on growth, mortality and feed efficiency in White
Leghorns.
Leonard, M.L.; Fairfull, R.W.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jul.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (1/2): p. 121-128; 1992 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Chicks; Animal husbandry; Handling; Growth rate; Mortality; Feed
conversion efficiency; Cannibalism
76 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643
Effect of electrical stunning frequency on ventricular fibrillation,
downgrading and broken bones in broilers, hens and quails.
Gregory, N.G.; Wilkins, L.J.; Wotton, S.B.
London : Bailliere Tindall; 1991 Jan.
British veterinary journal v. 47 (1): p. 71-77; 1991 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Broilers; Hens; Quails; Stunning; Heart; Electric current; Hemorrhage; Bone fractures; Animal welfare; Carcass quality
Abstract: The effect of stunning current frequency on the incidence of
ventricular fibrillation was determined in broilers and hens. When a pulsed
unipolar square wave (DC) was used the incidence of ventricular fibrillation
decreased as the frequency was increased beyond 125 Hz. When a sinusoidal AC
was used, 50 Hz killed some of the birds whereas at the corresponding r.m.s.
currents no birds experienced a ventricular fibrillation with 1500 Hz. In
quail, it was found that between 45 and 110 mA (50 Hz) all birds experienced a
ventricular fibrillation. The effect of 50, 200 and 350 Hz square wave DC on
carcass downgrading was examined in broilers, and there were no differences
between the groups. It was concluded that there were few advantages from using
high frequency stunning currents in poultry.
77 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The effect of environmental enrichment during rearing on fear reactions and
depopulation trauma in adult caged hens.
Reed, H.J.; Wilkins, L.J.; Austin, S.D.; Gregory, N.G.
Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Mar.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (1): p. 39-46; 1993 Mar. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hens; Battery cages; Fearfulness; Trauma; Removal
78 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Effect of exposure to operant-controlled microwaves on certain blood and
immunological parameters in the young chick.
Braithwaite, L.A.; Morrison, W.D.; Bate, L.; Otten, L.; Hunter, B.; Pei,
D.C.T.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1991 Mar.
Poultry science v. 70 (3): p. 509-514; 1991 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Chicks; Broilers; Microwave radiation; Heating; Conditioning;
Responses; Heat stress; Heating costs
Abstract: Twenty-two 1-wk-old broiler chicks (Gallus domesticus) were housed at 16 C and operantly conditioned to activate either a 250-W infrared bulb (control) or a microwave generator delivering 13 mW/cm2 (treated). Plasma corticosterone concentration did not differ between groups (P>.05) at 4 wk of age. At that time the birds were killed, and post-mortem examination revealed no treatment differences in gross morphology of the chicks or in weights of spleen and bursa of Fabricius (P>.05). Histological study of comparable segments of spleen bursa, adrenal, and thyroid tissue did not show differences in any of the chosen parameters (P>.05). Heterophil:lymphocyte ratios, packed cell volume, and total plasma protein content were similar between groups (P>.05). These results suggest that operant exposure to low density microwave radiation did not result in stress or immunological disturbances.
79 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
Effect of feather coverage and temperature on layer performance.
Peguri, A.; Coon, C.
Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Jul.
Poultry science v. 72 (7): p. 1318-1329; 1993 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hens; Laying performance; Feed intake; Metabolizable energy;
Feathers; Environmental temperature; Egg weight; Body weight; Egg mass; Energy
cost of maintenance
Abstract: An experiment was conducted with 59-wk-old DeKalb XL White Leghorns to determine the effect of percentage feather coverage (FC) on performance and nutrient intake of layers housed in cold (12.8 C), thermoneutral (23.9 C), and hot (33.9 C) temperatures. At each temperature, 60 hens had 0, 50, or 100% feathers removed and were fed diets containing 2,865 kcal ME/kg. Feed intake of hens housed at 23.9 C (115 g/day for all FC groups) was 25 g/day higher (P < .05) than for hens housed at 33 C and 13 g/day lower (P < .05) than for hens at 12.8 C. The feed intake of hens (across an temperatures) with 100% FC (98 g/day) increased (P <.05) by 26 g/day as FC decreased from 100 to 0%. Percentage hen-day egg production (EP) (across feather treatments) was decreased 7.5 and 6.7% (P < .05) at 12.8 and 33.9 C, respectively, compared with 23.9 C. Total lack of feathers decreased (P < .05) EP from hens with 100% FC by 9.2 and 6.4% at 12.8 and 23.9 C, respectively. Total lack of feathers at 33.9 C increased EP 5.46% compared with 100% FC. Egg weight was reduced 1.9 g (P < .05) at 33.9 C when compared with hens at 23.9 C. Hens without feathers produced a 1.8 g heavier egg (P < .05) than hens with 100% FC. The egg mass (EM) of hens housed at 12.8 and 33.9 C was less than hens at 23.9 C across all feather treatments. Metabolizable energy efficiency (kilocalories ME per gram EM) was improved (P < .05) by the highest temperature across all feather treatments and by increasing FC to 50 or 100% compared with 0% FC. The maintenance ME requirement for hens housed at 12.8 C with 0% FC was 190.4 kcal/kg of BW, which was twice the requirement of hens housed at 33.9 C with 0% FC. Results indicate economic importance of maintaining FC for layers in cold and thermoneutral temperatures and benefits of increased EM output for hens housed in hot climates with partial or complete feather loss.
80 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
The effect of feed intake on body temperature and water consumption of male
broilers during heat exposure.
Lott, B.D.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1991 Apr.
Poultry science v. 70 (4): p. 756-759; 1991 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Broilers; Feed intake; Body temperature; Water intake; Heat
stress; Restricted feeding; Acclimatization
Abstract: Two trials were conducted to study the effect of feed intake on
rectal temperature and water consumption of acclimated and unacclimated
broilers during heat exposure. Male broiler chicks, 100 per trial, were raised
as one group to 29 days for Trial 1 and 36 days for Trial 2. The birds were
moved to environmental chambers and 50 per trial were acclimated by being
subjected to 3 consecutive days of 24 C, 35 C, 24 C cyclic temperature. After
acclimation, the birds were exposed to a linear change in temperature from 24
to 41 C over 3 h with a constant 10 C dewpoint, starting at 0800 h on Day 34
for Trial 1 and on Day 41 for Trial 2. The feeding schedule for the day of the
heat exposure was as follows. For the feed group, feed was removed from the
birds at 0400 h and placed back at 0700 h. For the no feed group, feed was
removed at 0700 h. At 0800 h, feed was removed from all birds but water was
accessible throughout the heat exposure. Acclimated and unacclimated birds
given access to feed for 1 h before a heat exposure consumed 60 and 50 mL of
water per broiler, respectively, during the heat exposure. However, for
broilers not receiving feed, the water consumption was 58 and 30 mL per
broiler, respectively. Acclimated and unacclimated broilers given access to
feed had similar body temperatures, but the acclimated broilers not receiving
feed had a significantly lower ending rectal temperature than the unacclimated
group.
81 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
The effect of feed restriction and Eimeria maxima infection with or without
medication on growth and feed intake in broilers.
Newcombe, M.; Fitz-Coy, S.H.; Harter-Dennis, J.M.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Sep.
Poultry science v. 71 (9): p. 1442-1449; 1992 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Broilers; Restricted feeding; Eimeria maxima; Experimental infections; Salinomycin; Feed intake; Halofuginone; Compensatory growth; Feed conversion; Intestines; Lesions; Body weight; Abdominal fat; Meat cuts
Abstract: Day-old male broiler chicks were raised in floor pens. At 4 days of
age, birds in 75% of the pens were inoculated with Eimeria maxima via the
feed. There were four dietary treatments: uninoculated, unmedicated control
(UUC), infected, unmedicated control (IUC), infected, halofuginone-medicated
(3 ppm, HM), or infected, salinomycin-medicated (66 ppm, SM). At 6 days of
age, birds in 50% of the pens of each treatment were restricted for 5 days to
their maintenance energy intake level. The remainder consumed feed ad libitum.
Medication reduced growth from 0 to 6 days of age and feed intake was
depressed, irrespective of medication, in infected birds from 0 to 21 days of
age. Growth, however, was improved with intake of coccidiostat over IUC from 6
to 11 days of age but did not match UUC until 28 days of age. At 42 and 49
days of age, infected birds were lighter than UUC birds. Dressing percentage
for HM and SM birds was greater than that of UUC birds at 49 days of age but
HM birds also had a greater percentage of abdominal fat at both 42 and 49 days
of age. Feed restriction resulted in some compensatory growth immediately
following refeeding. Experimental feed:gain ratio was improved in restricted
birds (1.98 versus 2.03 g:g). At 42 and 49 days of age, restricted birds were
lighter than birds eating ad libitum and also had a significantly greater
percentage abdominal fat. A lower breast yield was observed at 42 days of age
in restricted birds.
82 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Effect of feeding palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids to Japanese quail hens
(Coturnix coturnix japonica). 1. Reproductive performance and tissue fatty
acids.
Vilchez, C.; Touchburn, S.P.; Chavez, E.R.; Chan, C.W.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1991 Dec.
Poultry science v. 70 (12): p. 2484-2493; 1991 Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Japanese quails; Palmitic acid; Oleic acid; Linoleic acid; Female fertility; Egg yolk composition; Blood plasma; Egg weight; Egg hatchability; Hatching weight; Cholesterol; Phosphorus; Body weight; Liver
Abstract: A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of diets containing
3% of either palmitic acid (Diet PA), oleic acid (Diet OA), or linoleic acid
(Diet LA) on reproductive performance, fatty acid composition of egg yolk,
plasma and liver, and total plasma phosphorus of Japanese quail. Each diet was
fed to 20 individually caged hens from 5 wk of age. A 24-wk production period
started at 8 wk of age. Fertile eggs for incubation were obtained by placing
at random a male in the cage with the female for 15 to 20 min twice per week.
The males were kept in separate individual cages and fed a turkey grower diet
throughout. Feed consumption, egg production, egg output, and the number of
chicks per hen were higher (P<.05) in birds fed Diet PA than in those fed Diet
OA or Diet LA. Hatchability was not different (P>.05) between Diet PA and Diet
OA, but they were higher (P<.05) than that of Diet LA. Quail weight at hatch
from birds fed Diet LA was heavier (P<.05) than those from Diet OA, but not
different (P>.05) from those fed Diet PA. Total plasma phosphorus
concentration was higher (P<.05) in birds fed Diet PA than in those fed Diet
LA. High levels of oleic and linoleic acids were found in egg yolk, plasma,
and liver lipids from birds fed Diet OA and Diet LA, respectively. Feeding
Diet PA resulted in elevated levels of palmitoleic acid in all three tissues.
The highest overall reproductive performance on Diet PA suggests that palmitic
acid has some physiological role in reproduction. The sustained near-maximal
levels of egg production and fertility achieved in this trial indicate the
superiority of the mating procedure, which would also permit testing the
response of male and female birds while minimizing injuries incurred by the
females.
83 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Effect of fructooliogsaccharide on Salmonella colonization of the chicken
intestine.
Bailey, J.S.; Blankenship, L.C.; Cox, N.A.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1991 Dec.
Poultry science v. 70 (12): p. 2433-2438; 1991 Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Fowls; Salmonella typhimurium; Colonizing ability;
Oligosaccharides; Oral administration; Competitive ability; Stress response;
Feed additives
Abstract: The influence of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on the ability of
Salmonella typhimurium to grow and colonize the gut of chickens was
investigated. In vitro studies showed that Salmonella did not grow when FOS
was the sole carbon source. When FOS was fed to chicks at the .375% level,
little influence on Salmonella colonization was observed. At the .75% level
12% fewer FOS-fed birds were colonized with Salmonella compared with control
birds. When chicks given a partially protective competitive exclusion (CE)
culture were fed diets supplemented with .75% FOS, only 4 of 21 (19%) chickens
challenged with 10(9) Salmonella cells on Day 7 became colonized as compared
with 14 of 23 (61%) chickens given CE alone. When chickens were stressed by
feed and water deprivation on Day 13 and challenged with 10(9) Salmonella on
Day 14, 33 of 36 (92%) chickens fed a control diet were colonized compared
with only 9 of 36 (25%) chickens fed a .75% FOS diet. Chickens treated with
FOS had a fourfold reduction in the level of Salmonella present in the ceca.
Feeding FOS in the diet of chickens may lead to a shift in the intestinal gut
microflora, and under some circumstances may result in reduced susceptibility
to Salmonella colonization.
84 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
Effect of husbandry system on broken bones and bone strength in hens.
Gregory, N.G.; Wilkins, L.J.; Kestin, S.C.; Belyavin, C.G.; Alvey, D.M.
London : The Association; 1991 Apr27.
The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 128
(17): p. 397-399; 1991 Apr27. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hens; Poultry housing; Molting; Bone fractures; Bone strength;
Battery husbandry; Cages; Deep litter housing
85 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AV5
Effect of infectious bursal disease virus vaccines on persistence and
pathogenicity of modified live reovirus vaccines in chickens.
Montgomery, R.D.; Maslin, W.R.
Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian Pathologists; 1991 Jan.
Avian diseases v. 35 (1): p. 147-157; 1991 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Chicks; Live vaccines; Infectious bursal disease virus; Avian
reovirus; Pathogenicity; Persistence; Safety; Disease prevention; Stress;
Tendons; Bursa fabricii; Lesions
Abstract: Two commercially available live reovirus vaccines, alone or in combination with two infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccines, were evaluated for safety and efficacy in specific-pathogen-free leghorn chicks. Four trials were conducted to evaluate the vaccine combinations. At periodic intervals during the trials, tissues were collected and assayed for residual reovirus and examined for histological changes. Six weeks following reovirus vaccination, all treatment groups were challenged with a virulent field isolate of reovirus and sampled 1 week later for the final time. The two reovirus vaccines were safe and effective if given at 1 week of age, regardless of whether the vaccinates had been exposed to IBDV at 1 day. However, both reovirus vaccines persisted in the tendons of 1-day-old vaccinates. The effects of IBDV vaccines were generally minor and reflected by increases in the number of pre-challenge or post-challenge virus recoveries from some of the treatment groups receiving both type vaccines.
86 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Effect of modifications of semen diluent with cell culture serum replacements
on fresh and stored turkey semen quality and hen fertility.
Bakst, M.; Cecil, H.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Apr.
Poultry science v. 71 (4): p. 754-764; 1992 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Turkeys; Semen diluents; Spermatozoa; Culture media; Motility;
Artificial insemination; Turkey egg fertility; Viability; Computer analysis;
Semen preservation
Abstract: Two commercially available serum replacements formulated as supplements to somatic cell culture media were used with a turkey semen diluent to determine their effect on semen quality and spermatozoal fecundity before and aft